Prince Gong's residence is located in the northwest of Beijing, near Qianhai in the East and Houhai in the north. In the early stage, a canal from the northeast corner of Jishuitan (West Sea) water area in Deshengmen bypassed the west wall of Prince Gong's residence, turned outside the south wall (commonly known as Yueya River), and flowed into Shichahai (Qianhai) through three bridges. Facing water in the West and south, and near water in the East and North, it can be said that it is surrounded by water and has a beautiful environment. By the early 1950s, the canal had been filled up to form Liuyin street and qianhaixi street.
Prince Gong's residence was first built in 1776, with a history of more than 230 years. In the fourth year of Jiaqing, he was convicted and his house was confiscated. After that, the house was divided into two parts: the East and the West. Emperor Jiaqing of the West gave the house to his younger brother Prince Yonggui, and the East left it to the ten princesses. In the first year of Chengfeng (1851), Emperor Xianfeng gave the whole palace to Prince Gong Yi? To live in. So far, it was named Prince Gong's palace, which is still in use today. Please remember the two main masters of the garden: big corrupt official and Prince Gong Yi?.
Prince Gong's residence is 330 meters long from north to South and 180 meters wide from east to west. There are dozens of palaces in Beijing, which were either destroyed or used for other purposes. Only Prince Gong's mansion, which has been preserved in its original style, is open to the outside world. As an ancient garden of Manchu royal family, it is composed of two parts: Mansion and garden, covering an area of more than 60000 square meters, including 32000 square meters of mansion and 28000 square meters of garden.
The buildings in the mansion are divided into three roads: the East Road, the middle road and the west road. From the south to the north, they are composed of many three-way quadrangles with strict central axis. The layout is clear. The east road goes to park Shanghua, the middle road is solemn and solemn, and the west road is simple and elegant. The three roads are self-contained and harmonious. In these houses, there are not only the buildings reflecting the royal style and majesty, but also the exquisite architecture and decoration style from the folk, which constitute the biggest feature of the royal culture. The garden integrates Jiangnan garden and Northern architecture, and integrates western architecture and Chinese classical garden architecture. Prince Gong's mansion is not only one of the important representatives of the Qing Dynasty's mansion architecture, but also an important performance of the most mature period of Chinese traditional architecture and gardening skills. Mr. Hou Renzhi, a famous scholar, called it "a palace of Prince Gong, half of the history of Qing Dynasty".
Prince Gong's house was listed as a key national protection unit in 1982, and the garden of Prince Gong's house was opened to the public in 1988. In the process of my explanation, in order to better protect this precious heritage and ensure the safety of your visit to the park, please cooperate. First, do not smoke. Second, do not climb rocks. Third, take good care of your belongings. Fourth, take good care of the environment and do not litter in the park
1、 The first master of the mansion, he (born in 1750 A.D. in the 15th year of Qianlong and died in 1799 A.D. in the 4th year of Jiaqing), was originally named Shanbao, with the word zhizhai and the surname niuhulu. He belonged to the Zhenghong banner of Manchuria (once carried into zhenghuang banner, but his family members were classified as Zhenghong banner after being convicted). )Among the eight banners, they are not aristocrats (eight banners are divided into yellow flag, yellow flag, white flag, white flag, red flag, red flag, blue flag and blue flag). The yellow flag, the yellow flag and the white flag led by the emperor were the upper three banners, the nobles and the lower five banners. )How could he be the greatest favorite of Emperor Qianlong if he was not born into a noble family and had no degree of Jinshi
There are five main reasons why he is favored
First, smart. He? Has an amazing memory, makes a clear reading and makes a smart decision. Even Jiaqing affirmed that he was "smart and agile". When he was a child, he studied in Xianan palace, the best school in the capital at that time (Xianan palace is in the Imperial Palace, which is equivalent to the current national key school. It mainly recruits the children of the internal affairs government and eight banners officials who are both good-looking and good-looking). He is proficient in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan Languages, and can be both civil and military. At the age of 19, he inherited the position of third-class light truck captain earned by his ancestors. Three years later, there was another vacancy for the third class bodyguard, which gave him a chance to get close to Emperor Qianlong.
Second, the United tobacco royal family. His son, Fengshen Yinde, was given the name by Emperor Qianlong, which means longevity in Manchu. Moreover, Qianlong married his 65 year old daughter Gu Lun and Princess Xiao to his son Fengshen Yinde. The relationship between Emperor Qianlong and "he" changed from the relationship between master and slave, the relationship between monarch and minister to the relationship between daughter and family, and Qianlong became the real umbrella of "he".
Thirdly, according to unofficial history, I remember that when Hongli was young (later Emperor Qianlong), I once played in the palace and saw nianguifei combing her hair. Nianguifei was the younger sister of general Nian genyao of the Qing Dynasty and one of the top ten beauties of the Qing Dynasty. Her name was nianqiuyue. Hongli was moved by her beauty and secretly went over to cover her eyes from behind. Qing, Nian's concubine was startled and didn't know who was behind. She picked up the hairpin and rowed back, which just cut Hongli's forehead. Later, the empress learned about it, because it spread that it was not good for Hongli's reputation (she was the Royal concubine of Yongzheng, Hongli should call her erniang. )Next year, the imperial concubine hanged herself. Hongli cried bitterly at that time, because one of his frivolous actions killed Nian Guifei. I secretly vowed that when I became an emperor, I would meet again, not to repair this life and the afterlife. So stained with cinnabar, she printed a red fingerprint behind her ear. Many years later, when Hongli became emperor, he was Emperor Qianlong. When he first saw him, he was still a stick guard. Qianlong was surprised and felt that he looked like the young lady who died many years ago. So he stepped down from the throne and asked if there were any sisters in his family. He said that there were only two brothers, he and he?. When the emperor was disappointed, he suddenly saw a red mole behind his ear. It was not only similar to nianguifei's face, but also the size and location of the mole. So the emperor thinks that he? Is the reincarnation of Nian Guifei. So the emperor kept him close to him and favored him. He also used his intelligence to please Qianlong. As a result, his position and status rose like a helicopter. Within three years, Emperor Qianlong passed orders to promote him to the position of official. He almost made all kinds of high-ranking officials in the Qing Dynasty. He had been a military aircraft Minister for 23 years, and was known as the second emperor.
Many friends come to Prince Gong's residence with admiration. The film and television works also make a lot of hype about ho. However, there is a big gap between the real image of Ho and the image of the film and television works. Ho is a real beautiful man with a white face, quick action, dignified and humorous speech.
The second master, Prince Gong Yi? (1833-1898), was the sixth son of Emperor Daoguang. He was named Prince Gong in the imperial edict of Emperor Daoguang in 1850. He was an important and influential figure in the political situation of the late Qing Dynasty. After the death of emperor Xianfeng in 1861, he and Cixi jointly launched the "Xinyou coup" to eliminate eight ministers, such as SUSHUN, which paved the way for Cixi to reach the peak of power. After that, he was appointed as the king of political affairs, walked on the military plane, and participated in military affairs as a prince, which was very rare in the Qing Dynasty. As a "leader", he, together with Zeng Guofan, Zhang Zhidong and other feudal officials, set off the famous "Westernization Movement" in modern Chinese history. Under his invitation and planning, the Qing government established in 1860 the first official "Ministry of foreign affairs" in Chinese history, the premier's national affairs yamen, to deal with foreign affairs. In 1862, under his own planning, the Qing government established the capital Tongwen school in Beijing. The establishment of Tongwen school was the beginning of the establishment of a new school in China. It entered the school of Beijing Normal University in 1902 and became the earliest part of the establishment of Peking University. It seems that the prince of the late Qing Dynasty has a certain relationship with Peking University. Yi? Was the sixth son of Emperor Daoguang. At that time, he was famous for his foreign affairs. Therefore, people nicknamed him GUI Zi Liu, and he didn't mind. Because Yi? Was very independent and active in politics, he was afraid of Empress Dowager Cixi. Later, he lost power and lived in seclusion in Jiehe temple. Yi? Became the tenth iron hat king of the Qing Dynasty in 1872. He is the author of the collection of works of ledaotang. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, it was used again. It was the Prime Minister of the Navy, the Council for military affairs, and the inner court. He died in 1898 with the posthumous title of "Zhong". )
2、 Scenic spots in the mansion
The main hall of the palace of yin'an, commonly known as "yin'an hall", is the place where important ceremonial activities are held. A group of screens and the throne of the prince are placed in the center of the hall. It corresponds to the Jinluan Hall of the Forbidden City. Jinluan hall was the place where the emperor summoned and held important ceremonies.
The tall building you see now was newly built in this overhaul as it was in the Guangxu reign of Tongzhi. The original yin'an hall, together with the East and west side halls, was destroyed by burning incense on the night of the Lantern Festival on January 15, 1921.
The new construction process of yin'an Hall:
The yin'an hall was built according to the strict Architectural Regulations of the Qing Dynasty and the highest standard roof of the royal palace.
Tourists, please observe the color of the tiles on the roof of the main hall, the number of animals on the roof ridge, the number of doornails on the main door, etc. How are they different from the palace museum you can see?
The roof of the imperial palace is covered with golden colored glass, which is the symbol of imperial power; the roof of the main hall of the Royal Palace is covered with green colored glass tiles, and the roof of the auxiliary hall is covered with gray tiles, which indicates the prince's status.
In ancient architecture, door nails were only used on board doors. Originally used to guard against the enemy's fire attack, so Zhuoyi was covered with mud to prevent fire. Doornails are usually made of copper. In the Qing Dynasty, the use of door nails was regulated. In royal architecture, there are nine nails for each door, nine in each direction, and a total of ninety-nine and eighty-one nails. Nine is the pole of Yang number, symbolizing the highest status of the emperor. Because the imperial temple is dedicated to the emperors of the past dynasties, it also has nine road studs; seven roads in the Royal Palace take seven roads, but seven roads in the prince's palace take nine roads; further down there are five roads take five roads.
Duofuxuan is commonly known as "tengluoyuan". The main hall was called "Yanxi hall" in the period of peace, which was the residence of the son and Princess of peace. It was called "duofuxuan" in the period of Prince Gong. It was the hall and living room of the palace. It was mainly used by the host to receive visitors, relatives and friends or subordinates who came to report back to the official affairs. It was also used to store gifts sent by the emperor. "Duofuxuan" was inscribed by Emperor Xianfeng. It means the palace of a lot of happiness. The plaque of "Tongde Yanxi" is hung in the center of the hall, which is intended to warn the host that only when you and the emperor have the same virtue can you extend the Xi (XI: good luck and long life). Please observe carefully that the four walls of the hall near the ceiling are all hung with the inscription of "Fu Shou". The inscription of "Fu Shou" is written on the red square paper (i.e. "Dou Fang") and is placed in a shuttle shape. The inscription of "Fu Shou" is made in pairs.
Since the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, every winter, the emperor had to write the words "Fu" and "Shou" in person and give them to the king, the Duke, the minister and the empress. The word "Shou" will be added to every major birthday celebration. According to convention, the old "Fu Shou" Dou Fang can not be removed. Instead, the new "Fu Shou" Dou Fang is pasted directly on the old one, meaning "Fu Tian Shou". Now what you see is the original copy.
Please carefully observe the Phoenix and seal painting of Qianlong period on the roof beam. Although only partial Phoenix Tail pattern remains, it has special value. Its existence confirms that Fudi East Road was once Princess mansion.
Hexi painting is also known as palace architectural painting. This kind of architectural painting is the highest level painting in the Qing Dynasty, mostly painted on palace buildings or buildings related to the royal family
Ledaotang is the largest building on the East Road and the last one to enter the courtyard. The main room is called "ledaotang". On the interior beams, there are two hundred years of colorful paintings of baojindi and Phoenix in the middle Qing Dynasty, which indicates that it was the residence of the princess during the period of peace. In the period of Prince Gong, this is the living room of the prince. Now the interior is displayed as it was when Prince Gong lived. The plaque of "ledaotang" was given to Yi? By Emperor Daoguang himself. It expresses a father's wish for his son's happiness and auspiciousness.
He is not a prince. In the Qing Dynasty, when the feudal hierarchy was very strict, why did he build such a luxurious private house in spite of large-scale construction? You can see the reason from the following records.
Yin De, the son of he, was born on the 19th of the first month of the 40th year of Qianlong (1775), half a month younger than Princess He Xiao. He and Qianlong formed a family of sons and daughters, and became the most unattainable relatives of the emperor. He Jianhe house was actually built as Princess House, so he Jianhe house was built according to the double specifications of Princess House and first-class officials of the imperial court
Jiale Hall
Jiale hall is the hall name of Hejin period. It is said that the plaque of Jiale hall was given to Hejin by Qianlong. During the period of Prince Gong, it was the "Temple", that is, the place where Shamanism activities were held.
Shamanism sacrificial activities: Ancient Mongolians believed in Shamanism first. Shamanism worships gods and divides the world into three kinds: heaven above, earth in the middle and hell below.
The most important way of Shaman sacrifice is to worship ancestors and heaven. It is said that the ancestors of Manchu people fell into a trap in a battle and had to hide in a big tree in a hurry. The birds on the tree did not move, so they did not expose the ancestors of Manchu people to the enemy and let them survive. Therefore, Manchu people revered the birds as gods.
Grand Theater
The grand theater building of Prince Gong's mansion, built during the reign of tongzhi (1862-1874), is a place for Prince Gong and his relatives to watch the opera. This theater is the only existing fully enclosed theater in China. In the archives of the Qing Dynasty, theatrical buildings were called "big theatrical rooms". The building area is 685 square meters, and its architectural form adopts a three volume hook and build fully enclosed structure. It is said that although the whole theater building is of brick and wood structure, it does not use an iron nail. In particular, it is worth mentioning the sound effect of the Grand Theater. In order to ensure the fidelity of the sound, several large tanks are placed under the stage. The ingenious and special structure increases the resonance reverberation space, so that the audience can clearly hear the singing of the actors without any sound transmission tools at any position in the theater. Once, after a famous singer came here to sing, he excitedly praised that the timbre effect of the grand theater building was better than that of the concert hall.
In the peony courtyard, the location of the theater is general, but the inside is resplendent. On both sides of the stage, the two pillars, the four walls and the top are all painted with twigs and vines. The scene of green leaves and purple flowers in full bloom makes people feel like watching the Opera under the vines. It is said that at that time, even Empress Dowager Cixi was sitting in the courtyard. Prince Gong worried that he would be guilty of overstepping the system, so he painted a lot of vines on the roof, which means that this is the vines rack, not the lobby. It's very kind of him. There are 20 large palace lanterns hanging on the top of the shed, and 20 eight immortals tables with Taishi chairs are placed in an orderly manner. The back walls of the theater are light brown wooden lattice, with dark blue silk cloth as the bottom lining. On the south side of the hall is a stage about one meter high. Above the stage, there is a black plaque with gold characters, which is written with four seal characters of "enjoy yourself". In the south, there is an actor's dressing room in the backstage and a stage in the front. In the north, there are places for VIPs and their wives to watch and rest. Yi's birthday is in the late October of the lunar calendar. When holding a birthday party, a fire is needed, so the Grand Theater is also called "warm building" by the government. In addition to acting, it was also the place where the wedding ceremony was held in Prince Gong's mansion. Every time the important figures in the mansion die, the theater will be full of couplets, buildings, cigarettes, long hanging, and monks and nuns in each temple will sprinkle sutras one after another to pass the dead.
In 1936, Pu Ru, the grandson of Prince Gong Yi? Who lived in the garden at that time, celebrated his mother Mrs. Xiang's birthday and organized a hall play in the theater. At that time, famous actors in the Peking Opera circle gathered in the Grand Theater and performed on the stage one after another. This is the last meeting of Prince Gong's mansion. Now?
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