ASTM D2344-16

Designation:D2344/D2344M−16

StandardTestMethodfor

Short-BeamStrengthofPolymerMatrixCompositeMaterialsandTheirLaminates1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD2344/D2344M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.

1.Scope

1.1Thistestmethoddeterminestheshort-beamstrengthofhigh-modulusfiber-reinforcedcompositematerials.Thespeci-menisashortbeammachinedfromacurvedoraflatlaminateupto6.00mm[0.25in.]thick.Thebeamisloadedinthree-pointbending.

1.2Applicationofthistestmethodislimitedtocontinuous-ordiscontinuous-fiber-reinforcedpolymermatrixcomposites,forwhichtheelasticpropertiesarebalancedandsymmetricwithrespecttothelongitudinalaxisofthebeam.

1.3ThevaluesstatedineitherSIunitsorinch-poundunitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Thevaluesstatedineachsystemmaynotbeexactequivalents;therefore,eachsystemmustbeusedindependentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnonconformancewiththestandard.

1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.2.ReferencedDocuments

2.1ASTMStandards:2D792TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-tiveDensity)ofPlasticsbyDisplacementD883TerminologyRelatingtoPlastics

D2584TestMethodforIgnitionLossofCuredReinforcedResins

D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics

D3171TestMethodsforConstituentContentofCompositeMaterials

D3878TerminologyforCompositeMaterials

D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-ertiesandEquilibriumConditioningofPolymerMatrixCompositeMaterials

D5687/D5687MGuideforPreparationofFlatCompositePanelswithProcessingGuidelinesforSpecimenPrepara-tion

E4PracticesforForceVerificationofTestingMachinesE6TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTestingE18TestMethodsforRockwellHardnessofMetallicMa-terials

E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,WithSpecifiedPrecision,theAverageforaCharacteristicofaLotorProcess

E177PracticeforUseoftheTermsPrecisionandBiasinASTMTestMethods

E456TerminologyRelatingtoQualityandStatistics

E1309GuideforIdentificationofFiber-ReinforcedPolymer-MatrixCompositeMaterialsinDatabases(With-drawn2015)3E1434GuideforRecordingMechanicalTestDataofFiber-ReinforcedCompositeMaterialsinDatabases(Withdrawn2015)3E1471GuideforIdentificationofFibers,Fillers,andCoreMaterialsinComputerizedMaterialPropertyDatabases(Withdrawn2015)33.Terminology

3.1Definitions—TerminologyD3878definesthetermsre-latingtohigh-modulusfibersandtheircomposites.Terminol-ogyD883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6definestermsrelatingtomechanicaltesting.TerminologyE456andPracticeE177definetermsrelatingtostatistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweendefinitions,TerminologyD3878shallhaveprecedenceovertheotherdocuments.

NOTE1—Ifthetermrepresentsaphysicalquantity,itsanalytical

Thelastapprovedversionofthishistoricalstandardisreferencedonwww.astm.org.

3ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD30onCompositeMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD30.04onLaminaandLaminateTestMethods.

CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2016.PublishedJuly2016.Originallyapprovedin1965.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2013asD2344–13.DOI:10.1520/D2344_D2344M-16.2ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.

1Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStates

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D2344/D2344M−16

dimensionsarestatedimmediatelyfollowingtheterm(orlettersymbol)infundamentaldimensionform,usingthefollowingASTMstandardsym-bologyforfundamentaldimensions,shownwithinsquarebrackets:[M]formass,[L]forlength,[T]fortime,[Θ]forthermodynamictemperature,and[nd]fornondimensionalquantities.Useofthesesymbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthesymbolsmayhaveotherdefinitionswhenusedwithoutthebrackets.

3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:

3.2.1balancedlaminate,n—acontinuousfiber-reinforcedlaminateinwhicheach+θlamina,measuredwithrespecttothelaminatereferenceaxis,isbalancedbya–θlaminaofthesamematerial(forexample,[0/+45/–45/+45/–45/0]).

3.2.2short-beamstrength,n—theshearstressascalculatedinEq1,developedatthespecimenmid-planeatthefailureeventspecifiedin11.6.

3.2.2.1Discussion—Althoughshearisthedominantappliedloadinginthistestmethod,theinternalstressesarecomplexandavarietyoffailuremodescanoccur.ElasticitysolutionsbyBergetal(1)4,Whitney(2),andSullivanandVanOene(3)havealldemonstratedinadequaciesinclassicalbeamtheoryindefiningthestressstateintheshort-beamconfiguration.Thesesolutionsshowthattheparabolicshear-stressdistributionaspredictedbyEq1onlyoccurs,andthennotexactly,onplanesmidwaybetweentheloadingnoseandsupportpoints.Awayfromtheseplanes,thestressdistributionsbecomeskewed,withpeakstressesoccurringneartheloadingnoseandsupportpoints.Ofparticularsignificanceisthestressstatelocaltotheloadingnoseinwhichthesevereshear-stressconcentrationcombinedwithtransverseandin-planecompressivestresseshasbeenshowntoinitiatefailure.However,forthemoreductilematrices,plasticyieldingmayalleviatethesituationundertheloadingnose(1)andallowotherfailuremodestooccursuchasbottomsurfacefibertension(2).Consequently,unlessmid-planeinterlaminarfailurehasbeenclearlyobserved,theshort-beamstrengthdeterminedfromthistestmethodcannotbeattributedtoashearproperty,andtheuseofEq1willnotyieldanaccuratevalueforshearstrength.

3.2.3symmetriclaminate,n—acontinuousfiber-reinforcedlaminateinwhicheachplyabovethemid-planeisidenticallymatched(intermsofposition,orientation,andmechanicalproperties)withonebelowthemid-plane.

3.3Symbols:b—specimenwidth.

CV—samplecoefficientofvariation(inpercent).Fsbs—short-beamstrength.h—specimenthickness.n—numberofspecimens.

Pm—maximumloadobservedduringthetest.

xi—measuredorderivedpropertyforanindividualspecimenfromthesamplepopulation.x¯—samplemean(average).4.SummaryofTestMethod

4.1Theshort-beamtestspecimens(Figs.1-4)arecenter-loadedasshowninFigs.5and6.Thespecimenendsreston

NOTE1—DrawinginterpretationperANSIY14.5-1982andANSI/ASM

B46.1-1986.

NOTE2—Plyorientationtolerance60.5°relativeto–B–.

FIG.1FlatSpecimenConfiguration(SI)

twosupportsthatallowlateralmotion,theloadbeingappliedbymeansofaloadingnosedirectlycenteredonthemidpointofthetestspecimen.5.SignificanceandUse

5.1Inmostcases,becauseofthecomplexityofinternalstressesandthevarietyoffailuremodesthatcanoccurinthisspecimen,itisnotgenerallypossibletorelatetheshort-beamstrengthtoanyonematerialproperty.However,failuresarenormallydominatedbyresinandinterlaminarproperties,andthetestresultshavebeenfoundtoberepeatableforagivenspecimengeometry,materialsystem,andstackingsequence(4).

5.2Short-beamstrengthdeterminedbythistestmethodcanbeusedforqualitycontrolandprocessspecificationpurposes.Itcanalsobeusedforcomparativetestingofcompositematerials,providedthatfailuresoccurconsistentlyinthesamemode(5).

5.3ThistestmethodisnotlimitedtospecimenswithintherangespecifiedinSection8,butislimitedtotheuseofaloadingspanlength-to-specimenthicknessratioof4.0andaminimumspecimenthicknessof2.0mm[0.08in.].6.Interferences

6.1Accuratereportingofobservedfailuremodesisessen-tialformeaningfuldatainterpretation,inparticular,thedetec-tionofinitialdamagemodes.

2

Boldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendofthisstandard.

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D2344/D2344M−16

formeasuringlength.Theuseofalternativemeasurementdevicesispermittedifspecified(oragreedto)bythetestrequestorandreportedbythetestinglaboratory.Theaccuracyoftheinstrument(s)shallbesuitableforreadingwithin1%ofthespecimendimensions.Fortypicalspecimengeometries,aninstrumentwithanaccuracyof60.0025mm[60.0001in.]isadequateforwidthandthicknessmeasurements,whileaninstrumentwithanaccuracyof60.025mm[60.001in.]isadequateformeasurementoflength.

7.4ConditioningChamber,whenconditioningmaterialsatnonlaboratoryenvironments,atemperature/vapor-level-controlledenvironmentalconditioningchamberisrequiredthatshallbecapableofmaintainingtherequiredtemperaturetowithin63°C(65°F)andtherequiredvaporleveltowithin63%.Chamberconditionsshallbemonitoredeitheronanautomatedcontinuousbasisoronamanualbasisatregularintervals.

7.5EnvironmentalTestChamber,anenvironmentaltestchamberisrequiredfortestenvironmentsotherthanambienttestinglaboratoryconditions.Thischambershallbecapableofmaintainingthetestspecimenattherequiredtestenvironmentduringthemechanicaltestmethod.8.SamplingandTestSpecimens

8.1Sampling—Testatleastfivespecimenspertestcondi-tionunlessvalidresultscanbegainedthroughtheuseoffewerspecimens,asinthecaseofadesignedexperiment.Forstatisticallysignificantdata,consulttheproceduresoutlinedinPracticeE122.Reportthemethodofsampling.

8.2Geometry:

8.2.1LaminateConfigurations—Bothmultidirectionalandpureunidirectionallaminatescanbetested,providedthatthereareatleast10%0°fibersinthespandirectionofthebeam(preferablywelldistributedthroughthethickness),andthatthelaminatesarebothbalancedandsymmetricwithrespecttothespandirectionofthebeam.

8.2.2SpecimenConfigurations—TypicalconfigurationsfortheflatandcurvedspecimensareshowninFigs.1-4.Forspecimenthicknessesotherthanthoseshown,thefollowinggeometriesarerecommended:

Specimenlength=thickness×6Specimenwidth,b=thickness×2.0

NOTE2—Adiscussionofwidth-to-thicknesseffectsisavailableinAdamsandLewis(6).

NOTE1—DrawinginterpretationperANSIY14.5-1982andANSI/ASMEB46.1-1986.

NOTE2—Plyorientationtolerance60.5°relativeto–B–.

FIG.2FlatSpecimenConfiguration(InchPound)

7.Apparatus

7.1TestingMachine,properlycalibrated,whichcanbeoperatedataconstantrateofcrossheadmotion,andwhichtheerrorintheloadingsystemshallnotexceed61%.Theload-indicatingmechanismshallbeessentiallyfreeofinertialagatthecrossheadrateused.Inertialagmaynotexceed1%ofthemeasuredload.TheaccuracyofthetestingmachineshallbeverifiedinaccordancewithPracticesE4.

7.2LoadingNoseandSupports,asshowninFigs.5and6,shallbe6.0060.50mm[0.25060.020in.]and3.0060.40mm[0.12560.010in.]diametercylinders,respectively,withahardnessof60to62HRC,asspecifiedinTestMethodsE18,andshallhavefinelygroundsurfacesfreeofindentationandburrswithallsharpedgesrelieved.TheloadingconfigurationshowninFig.5isrecommendedforcurvedspecimenswitharadiusrtospecimenthicknesshratioofr/hof5orless.TheloadingconfigurationshowninFig.6isrecommendedforflatspecimensaswellascurvedspecimenswithar/hratioofgreaterthan5.

7.3MicrometersandCalipers—Amicrometerwitha4to7mm[0.16to0.28in.]nominaldiameterballinterfaceoraflatanvilinterfaceshallbeusedtomeasurethespecimenwidthandthickness.Aballinterfaceisrecommendedforthicknessmeasurementswhenatleastonesurfaceisirregular(e.g.acoarsepeelplysurfacewhichisneithersmoothnorflat).Amicrometerorcaliperwithaflatanvilinterfaceshallbeused

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8.2.2.1Forcurvedbeamspecimens,itisrecommendedthatthearcshouldnotexceed30°.Also,forthesespecimens,thespecimenlengthisdefinedastheminimumchordlength.8.3SpecimenPreparation—GuideD5687/D5687Mpro-videsrecommendedspecimenpreparationpracticesandshouldbefollowedwherepractical.

8.3.1LaminateFabrication—Laminatesmaybehand-laid,filament-woundortow-placed,andmoldedbyanysuitablelaminatingmeans,suchaspress,bag,autoclave,orresintransfermolding.

8.3.2MachiningMethods—Specimenpreparationisimpor-tantforthesespecimens.Takeprecautionswhencuttingspecimensfromtheringsorplatestoavoidnotches,undercuts,

D2344/D2344M−16

NOTE1—DrawinginterpretationperANSIY14.5-1982andANSI/ASMB46.1-1986.NOTE2—Plyorientationtolerance60.5°relativeto–A–.

FIG.3CurvedSpecimenConfiguration(SI)

roughorunevensurfaces,ordelaminationsasaresultofinappropriatemachiningmethods.Obtainfinaldimensionsbywater-lubricatedprecisionsawing,milling,orgrinding.Theuseofdiamondtoolinghasbeenfoundtobeextremelyeffectiveformanymaterialsystems.Edgesshouldbeflatandparallelwithinthespecifiedtolerances.

8.3.3Labeling—Labelthespecimenssothattheywillbedistinctfromeachotherandtraceablebacktotherawmaterial,inamannerthatwillbothbeunaffectedbythetestmethodandnotinfluencethetestmethod.9.Calibration

9.1Theaccuracyofallmeasuringequipmentshallhavecertifiedcalibrationsthatarecurrentatthetimeofuseoftheequipment.

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10.Conditioning

10.1StandardConditioningProcedure—Unlessadifferentenvironmentisspecifiedaspartofthetestmethod,conditionthetestspecimensinaccordancewithProcedureCofTestMethodD5229/D5229M,andstoreandtestatstandardlabo-ratoryatmosphere(2363°C(7365°F)and50610%relativehumidity).11.Procedure

11.1ParameterstoBeSpecifiedBeforeTest:

11.1.1Thespecimensamplingmethodandcoupongeom-etry.

11.1.2Thematerialpropertiesanddata-reportingformatdesired.

D2344/D2344M−16

NOTE1—DrawinginterpretationperANSIY14.5-1982andANSI/ASMEB46.1-1986.NOTE2—Plyorientationtolerance60.5°relativeto–A–.

FIG.4CurvedSpecimenConfiguration(InchPound)

NOTE3—Determinespecificmaterialproperty,accuracy,anddata-reportingrequirementsbeforetestforproperselectionofinstrumentationanddata-recordingequipment.Estimateoperatingstresslevelstoaidincalibrationofequipmentanddeterminationofequipmentsettings.

11.1.3Theenvironmentalconditioningtestparameters.11.1.4Ifperformed,thesamplingtestmethod,coupongeometry,andtestparametersusedtodeterminedensityandreinforcementvolume.

11.1.5Optionalnominalspecimenthicknesstobeusedtosetthesupportspandimension.

11.2GeneralInstructions:

11.2.1Reportanydeviationsfromthistestmethod,whetherintentionalorinadvertent.

11.2.2Ifspecificgravity,density,reinforcementvolume,orvoidvolumearetobereported,thenobtainthesesamplesfromthesamepanelsasthetestsamples.SpecificgravityanddensitymaybeevaluatedbymeansofTestMethodsD792.VolumepercentoftheconstituentsmaybeevaluatedbyoneofthematrixdigestionproceduresofTestMethodD3171,orforcertainreinforcementmaterialssuchasglassandceramics,bythematrixburn-offtechniqueofTestMethodD2584.VoidcontentmaybeevaluatedfromtheequationsofTestMethodD2734andareapplicabletobothTestMethodsD2584andD3171.

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FIG.5HorizontalShearLoadDiagram(CurvedBeam)

FIG.6HorizontalShearLoadDiagram(FlatLaminate)

11.2.3Conditionthespecimensasrequired.Storethespeci-mensintheconditionedenvironmentuntiltesttime,ifthetestenvironmentisdifferentfromtheconditioningenvironment.11.2.4Followingfinalspecimenmachiningandanyconditioning,butbeforetesting,measureandrecordthespecimenwidthandthicknessatthespecimenmidsectionandthespecimenlengthtotheaccuracyspecifiedin7.3.11.3SpeedofTesting—Setthespeedoftestingatarateofcrossheadmovementof1.0mm(0.05in.)/min.

11.4TestEnvironment—Ifpossible,testthespecimenunderthesamefluidexposurelevelasthatusedforconditioning.However,ifthetesttemperatureplacestoosevererequirementsuponthetestingmachineenvironmentalchamber,testatatemperaturewithnofluidexposurecontrol.Inthiscase,arestrictionmustbeplaceduponthetimefromremovalofthespecimenfromtheconditioningchamberuntiltestcompletion

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toinhibitnonrepresentativefluidlossfromthespecimen.Recordanymodificationstothetestenvironmentandspecimenweightchangeafterremovalfromconditioninguntiltestcompletion.

11.4.1Monitorthetesttemperaturebyplacinganappropri-atethermocoupleatspecimenmid-lengthtobelocatedontheundersideofthebeam.

11.5SpecimenInsertion—Insertthespecimenintothetestfixture,asshowninFig.5orFig.6.Fortestingcurvedbeamspecimens,itisrecommendedthatthespecimenbeorientedwiththeconcavesidedownward,suchthattheendsofthebeamspecimenarebelowthecenter.Alignandcenterthespecimensuchthatitslongitudinalaxisisperpendiculartotheloadingnoseandsidesupports.Adjustthespansuchthatthespan-to-measuredthicknessratiois4.0toanaccuracyof60.3mm[0.012in.].Optionallyitisacceptabletosetthe

D2344/D2344M−16

where:Fsbs=

=Pmb=h=

short-beamstrength,MPa(psi);

maximumloadobservedduringthetest,N(lbf);measuredspecimenwidth,mm(in.),andmeasuredspecimenthickness,mm(in.).

supportspanforagroupofreplicatespecimensbasedonthenominalspecimenthickness,ifprovidedbythetestrequestor.Theloadingnoseshouldbelocatedequidistantbetweenthesidesupportstowithin60.3mm[0.012in.].Boththeloadingnoseandsidesupportsshouldoverhangthespecimenwidthbyatleast2mm[0.08in.]ateachside.Inthecaseoftheflatlaminatetest,eachspecimenendshouldoverhangthesidesupportcentersbyatleastthespecimenthickness.

11.6Loading—Applyloadtothespecimenatthespecifiedratewhilerecordingdata.Continueloadinguntileitherofthefollowingoccurs:

11.6.1Aloaddrop-offof30%,

11.6.2Two-piecespecimenfailure,or

11.6.3Theheadtravelexceedsthespecimennominalthick-ness.

11.7DataRecording—Recordloadversuscrossheaddis-placementdatathroughoutthetestmethod.Recordthemaxi-mumload,finalload,andtheloadatanyobviousdiscontinui-tiesintheload-displacementdata.

11.8FailureMode—TypicalfailuremodesthatcanbeidentifiedvisuallyareshowninFig.7.However,thesemaybeprecededbylessobvious,localdamagemodessuchastransplycracking.Recordthemodeandlocationoffailure,ifpossibleidentifyingoneoracombinationofthemodesshown.12.Calculation

12.1Short-BeamStrength—Calculatetheshort-beamstrengthusingEq1asfollows:

FsbsPm50.753

b3h(1)

12.2Statistics—Foreachseriesoftestmethods,calculatetheaveragevalue,standarddeviation,andcoefficientofvaria-tion(inpercent)foreachpropertydeterminedasfollows:

x¯5

S(Dni21xi/n

(2)

sn215

ŒS(ni51xi22n~x¯!2/~n21!D(3)(4)

¯CV51003sn21/x

where:

x¯=sn–1=CV=n=

=xisamplemean(average);samplestandarddeviation;

samplecoefficientofvariation,%;numberofspecimens;andmeasuredorderivedproperty.

13.Report

13.1Reportthefollowinginformation,orreferencespoint-ingtootherdocumentationcontainingthisinformation,tothemaximumextentapplicable(reportingofitemsbeyondthecontrolofagiventestinglaboratory,suchasmightoccurwithmaterialdetailsorpanelfabricationparameters,shallbetheresponsibilityoftherequester):

NOTE4—GuidesE1309,E1434,andE1471containdatareportingrecommendationsforcompositematerialsandcompositematerialsme-chanicaltesting.

FIG.7TypicalFailureModesintheShortBeamTest

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13.1.14Detailsofloadingnoseandsidesupportsincludingdiametersandmaterialused.

13.1.15Typeoftestmachine,alignmentresults,anddataacquisitionsamplingrateandequipmenttype.13.1.16Dimensionsofeachtestspecimen.13.1.17Conditioningparametersandresults.

13.1.18Relativehumidityandtemperatureofthetestinglaboratory.

13.1.19Environmentofthetestmachineenvironmentalchamber(ifused)andsoaktimeatenvironment.13.1.20Numberofspecimenstested.13.1.21Speedoftesting.

13.1.22Maximumloadobservedduringthetest,foreachspecimen.

13.1.23Load-displacementcurvesforeachspecimen.

13.1.24Failuremodeofeachspecimen,identifiedifpos-siblefromFig.7.14.PrecisionandBias

14.1Precision—Thedatarequiredforthedevelopmentofaprecisionstatementisnotcurrentlyavailableforthistestmethod.

14.2Bias—Biascannotbedeterminedforthistestmethodasnoacceptablereferencestandardexists.15.Keywords

15.1compositematerials;resinandinterlaminarproperties;short-beamstrength

13.1.1Thistestmethodandrevisionlevelordateofissue.13.1.2Whetherthecouponconfigurationwasstandardorvariant.

13.1.3Thedateandlocationofthetest.13.1.4Thenameofthetestoperator.

13.1.5Anyvariationstothistestmethod,anomaliesnoticedduringtesting,orequipmentproblemsoccurringduringtesting.13.1.6Identificationofthematerialtestedincluding:mate-rialspecification,materialtype,materialdesignation,manufacturer,manufacturer’sbatchorlotnumber,source(ifnotfrommanufacturer),dateofcertification,expirationofcertification,filamentdiameter,toworyarnfilamentcountandtwist,sizing,formorweave,fiberarealweight,matrixtype,prepregmatrixcontent,andprepregvolatilescontent.

13.1.7Descriptionofthefabricationstepsusedtopreparethelaminateincluding:fabricationstartdate,fabricationenddate,processspecification,curecycle,consolidationmethod,andadescriptionoftheequipmentused.

13.1.8Plyorientationandstackingsequenceofthelami-nate.

13.1.9Ifrequested,reportdensity,volumepercentreinforcement,andvoidcontenttestmethods,specimensam-plingmethodandgeometries,testparameters,andtestresults.13.1.10Averageplythicknessofthematerial.

13.1.11Resultsofanynondestructiveevaluationtests.13.1.12Methodofpreparingthetestspecimen,includingspecimenlabelingschemeandmethod,specimengeometry,samplingmethod,andcouponcuttingmethod.

13.1.13Calibrationdatesandmethodsforallmeasurementsandtestequipment.

REFERENCES

(1)Berg,C.A.,Tirosh,J.,andIsraeli,M.,“AnalysisofShortBeam

BendingofFiberReinforcedComposites,”inCompositeMaterials:TestingandDesign(SecondConference),ASTMSTP497,ASTM,1972,pp.206-218.

(2)Whitney,J.M.,andBrowning,C.E.,“OnShort-BeamShearTestsfor

CompositeMaterials,”ExperimentalMechanics,Vol25,1985,pp.294-300.

(3)Sullivan,J.L.,andVanOene,H.,“AnElasticityAnalysisforthe

GenerallyandSpeciallyOrthotropicBeamsSubjectedtoConcen-tratedLoads,”CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol27,1986,pp.182-191.

(4)U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalAviationAdministration,

“TestMethodsforCompositesaStatusReport:VolumeIIIShearTestMethods,”ReportNo.DOT/FAA/CT-93/17,III,FAATechnicalCenter,AtlanticCity,1993.

(5)Cui,W.,Wisnom,M.R.,andJones,M.,“EffectofSpecimenSizeon

InterlaminarShearStrengthofUnidirectionalCarbonFibre-Epoxy,”CompositesEngineering,Vol4,No.3,1994,pp.299-307.

(6)Adams,D.F.andLewis,E.Q.,“CurrentStatusofCompositeMaterial

ShearTestMethods,”SAMPE,Vol31,No.6,1994,pp.32-41.

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