第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近选项。
1.I wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse. A. afraid B. anxious C. sure D. sad 2. She always finds fault with everything.
A. simplifies B. criticizes C. evaluates D. examines
3.At that time we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened. A. give B. attach C. lose D. understand 4. I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch. A. instructing B. pushing C. notifying D. inviting 5. Jane said that she couldn’t tolerate the long hours. A. stand B. spend C. take D. last
6.The sea turtle’s natural habitat has been considerably reduced. A. suddenly B. greatly C. generally D. slightly
7.Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do. A. saying B. doubting C. thinking D. knowing 8. At 80, Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris. A. happy B. energetic C. alone D. busy
9.A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children. A. reported B. proved C. caught D. praised
10.He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source. A. maintained B. recommended C. considered D. acknowledged 11.It is possible to approach the problem in a different way. A. handle B. raise C. pose D. experience
12.The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.
A. relative B. general C. continuous D. sharp
13. For some obscure reason, the simple game is becoming very popular. A. obvious B. major C. unclear D. minor 14.The decision to invade provoked storms of protest. A. ignored B. organized C. caused D. received 15. Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage. A. turning B. jumping C. shouting D. shaking
第2部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供
的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Relieving the Pain
―Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,‖ say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. ―People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising.‖ The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.
Lumbar (腰部的) pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary (久坐不动的) lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽)，the body’s ―feel-good‖ chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.
Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. ―It’s crazy,‖ says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain, ―Some of them are taking different drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names.‖ A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.
In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice t’ai chi （太极），self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program. ― The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence,‖ explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. ―Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment.‖
16. To treat pain, patients should stop moving around.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise . A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Exercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. New pain clinic ask patients to give up drugs completely. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
笫3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23 ~30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23 -26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27 - 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Owls and Larks （猫头鹰与云雀）
1 In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by, say, the sound of an alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that it’s difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion. 2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning – an owl’s or a lark’s lifestyle? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠) argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, it’s not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁)， do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in. 23. Paragraph 1 ____ 24. Paragraph 2 ____ 25. Paragraph 3 ____ 26. Paragraph 4 ____
A. Which is better, being an owl or a lark? B. What should we avoid? C. What helps us fall asleep? D. What makes people owls or larks? E. Why do we need sleep? F. How much sleep do we need? 27. Sleep helps brain to ____.
28. Parents with very young children tend to ____. 29. A good lifestyle means one can ____. 30. It is good advice for most people to ____. A. stay up till the early hours of the morning B. sleep enough to bring most refreshment C. rebuild memories stored during the day D. store memories in the brain E. get up quite early
F. keep away from coffee in the evening
第 4部分:阅读理解 (第 31~45题,每题 3分 ,共 45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。 第一篇 Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consulting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances t
hat produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders（入侵者）. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to ―remember‖ the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must ―learn‖ from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.
Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers) act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigentic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitomes, which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.
31. What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A. The immune system’s memory. B. Immune troops eliminating intruders. C. Bees flying around a hive. D. A sea of microbes.
32. The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as A. self-tolerance B. balance C. harmony D. tolerance
33. How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as ― foreign‖ or ―nonself‖?
A. Through an allergic response. B. Through blood type.
C. Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface. D. Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface. 34. Which of the following statements is true? A. Allergens are usually harmful substances. B. Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C. People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses. D. There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
35. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage? A. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response. B. One of the immune system’s primary functions is the allergic response. C. The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D. The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself.
第二篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication—having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, these has been a serious debates about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn’t remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer’s doctor didn’t agree.
What is it that make mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amount of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it’s best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobi
le phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it’s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.
36. People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that A. they’re popular. B. they’re useful. C. they’re cheap. D. they’re convenient.
37. The word ―detected‖ in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by A. cured B. removed C. discovered D. caused
38. The salesman retired young because A. he disliked using mobile phones.
B. he was tired of talking on his mobile phone. C. his employer’s doctor persuaded him to D. he couldn’t remember simple tasks.
39. On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies A. deny the existence of mobile phone radiation.
B. develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation. C. try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health. D. hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about. 40. The writer’s purpose of writing this article is to advise people A. to buy mobile phones.
B. to use mobile phones less often. C. to update regular phones. D. to stop using mobile phones.
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial (抗微生物的) Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistan
t strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical industry, and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
41. Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because A. new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.
B. infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people. C. scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.
D. there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. 42. The word ―prudent‖ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. unwise B. careful C. wasteful D. widespread
43. The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that A. education on the use of antibiotics.
B. some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.
C. some infections are caused by antibiotics.
D. some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms. 44. WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT A. education on the use of antibiotics.
B. keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use. C. control of antibiotic use.
D. introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics. 45. We learn from the passage that
A. antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.
B. without WHO, no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistance. C. WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.
D. further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria. 第5部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分,共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白,短文后有6个句子,其中5个取自短文 ,据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Mt. Desert Island
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline._____ (46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier（冰川） descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountain sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons（咸水湖）. The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands._____ (47) Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier. The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. _____(48)
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate（温带）and sub-Arctic zones, the island supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine（高山的）plants._____(49) The establishment of Acadi
a National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. _____(50) From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.
A. This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seashore.
B. It is split almost in half by Some Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
C. The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly keep it to themselves
D. Mt. Desert island is one of the most famous of all of the islands left behind by the glacier.
E. The term comes from the activity of the ice age.
F. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds 第6部分：完形填空（51~65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项. Pandemic (大面积流行的) H1N1 2009
The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal (集中的) increases in rates during recent weeks were ____(51) in at least two eastern European countries A high intensity of respiratory (呼吸的) disease activity with concurrent (同时存在的) circulation of pandemic influenza still ____(52) in parts of southern and eastern Europe, ____ (53) in Greece Poland, and Ukraine.
In Western Europe, influenza transmission remains ____(54) and widespread but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, (55) , very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses covering less than 1% of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia In ____(56), limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern Africa countries ____ (57) the Mediterranean coast.
In Central Asia, limited data ____(58) that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places In West Asia, Israel Iran, and Iraq also appear to have passed their ____(59) period of transmission within the past month, though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet ____(60) to baseline levels. In East Asia influenza transmission remains active but appears to be ____(61 ) overall Slight increases in ILI were reporte
d in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity____ (62）one month ago.
In North America, influenza transmission ____(63)widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean, influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease ____(64) has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, ____(65) for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.
51.A. reported B. expected C. marked D. caused 52.A. plays B exists C keeps D maintains 53.A. usually B. exactly C. completely D. particularly 54.A. active B. inactive C. faithful D. unaffected 55.A. yet B still C however D. until 56.A. fact B addition C. general D total 57.A. along B. beside C. at D around 58.A. advise B propose C suggest D. recommend 59.A.brief B late C peak D long 60.A led B brought C returned D turned 61.A rising B. balancing C jumping D declining 62.A. above B from C since D over 63.A. remains B. seems C. expands D becomes 64.A. activity B. picture C performance D. quality 65.A. as B. all C. and D. except
2011年职称英语卫生类(A级)考试真题答案 一、词汇选项
1、A, afraid 2、B, criticizes 3、D, understand 4、B, pushing 5、A. stand 6、B, greatly 7、A, saying 8、B, energetic 9、D, praised 10、A, maintained 11、A, handle 12、C, continuous 13、C, unclear 14、C, caused 15、D, shaking
二、阅读判断
16.B 17.C 18. A 19.B 20.A 21.A 22. B 三、概括大意完成句子
23. E 24. D 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.E 29.B 30.F 四、阅读理解
31.C 32.A 33.C 34.B 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.B 41.D 42.B 43.B 44.B 45.D 五、补全短文
46.E 47.D 48.B 49.F 50.A 六、完形填空
51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D 63.A 64.A 65. D
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