[知识点归纳]
英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。 其中主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
比如：Many people speak English.谓语speak的动作是由主语many people发出的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：English is spoken by many people. 英语English是动词speak的承受者。 一.被动语态的定义
在不知道动作的执行者，或者强调动作的承受者时用被动语态。 比如：The desk is broken into pieces.（不知道是谁弄坏的） I was supported by my classmates.（强调“我”被支持） 二.被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成是：be＋动词的过去分词（done） 三.及物动词与不及物动词的被动语态
1.及物动词可用于被动语态。主动变被动的方法是：把宾语提前，作为新句子的主语，原主语后置变成新句子的宾语。
主动结构 被动结构 Jim broke the window. The window was broken by Jim. They killed three chickens. Three chickens was killed by them. 2.不及物动词与某些介词连用，可用于被动语态。 主动结构 被动结构 The doctor operated on her yesterday. She was operated on by the doctor yesterday. My parents are looking after Lucy. Lucy are being looked after by my parents. 四.各个时态的被动语态
主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do ( does ) am(is, are )+ done 一般过去时 did was(were )+ done 一般将来时 will(shall) do will be + done 现在进行时 am(is are )doing am(is,are)being+done 过去进行时 was(were) doing was(were)being+done 现在完成时 have(has) done have(has)been+done 过去完成时 had done had been+done 过去将来时 would do would be + done 现在完成进行时 have(has)been doing 没有被动形式 过去完成进行时 Had been doing 没有被动形式 五.用被动语态的情况
1）不清楚动作的执行者是谁, 例如:
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。 The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了。 We haven't been informed of it .还没有人通知我们这事儿。
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2)说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣（这时可用by引导出动作的执行者），例如： My TV set is being repaired in the shop. 我的电视机正在这店里修。
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。 The song was composed by a young worker. 这首歌是一位年青工人谱写的。
3) 不愿意说出动作的执行者，其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等。在这种情况下，有时常用一些句式，如\"It is said that…\"（据说……），\"It is reported that …\"（据报道……），\"It is rumoured that …\"（据传言……）等等。例如： You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。 It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
It is rumored that he has been appointed as successor to the president of our company . 据传闻，他已被任命为我们公司总裁的接班人了。
It is generally considered impolite to ask one's age, salary, marriage, etc.. 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。
4) 出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。例如：
The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.（句子的后半句用被动式就可以只安排一个主语。）那位教授来到我校并受到师生们的热烈欢迎。
I went to the party and was asked by my friends to do some cooking for them. （同上）我去参加了那个聚会，朋友们还请我为他们烧了几样菜。
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area.
（此句若选those作主语，就会使主语与谓语相距太远而显得句子松散，因为它的定太长了。）这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。
六.用于被动语态的特殊结构 1）关于带情态动词的被动结构
带情态动词的被动结构的固定句式为\"情态动词 + be + 过去分词\"。也有个别带\"to\"的情态动词例外，如：ought to和have to ，它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如：
The debt must be paid off before next month. 那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。 The debt has to be paid off before next month. 那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。 Oil can be turned into energy by burning it. 油经过燃烧可变为能原。
You ought to be criticized for your carelessness. 你由于粗心大意应当受到批评。 2) 关于带有两个宾语的主动态变成被动态
我们先来看看\"带有两个宾语的主动态句子的结构\"，重点看谓语部分 ： She sent me a novel on my birthday . 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语
I allowed him an hour to finish the work . 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语
从上面的分析可以看出，两个宾语分别是：直接宾语和间接宾语。将这种主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，可选两个宾语中的任何一个作为被动态句子的主语，而将另一个宾语作为\"保留宾语\"写入被动态的句中。但有一点要说明，那就是，如果你选直接宾语作\"主语\"，有时要在被动态句子的\"保留宾语\"前加上合适的介词。因为这些动词常有两种句式，即：我们可以说give sb sth , send sb sth , buy sb sth ；我们也可以说give sth to sb, send sth to sb , buy sth for sb 。请看下面两种情况的对照： She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主动) I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被动) A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被动) My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主动) I was bought a watch yesterday. (被动)
A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被动) 3)关于带有复合宾语的主动态变成被动态
如果将带有复合宾语（既：宾语 + 宾语补足语）的主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，我们只能选择原来句子的宾语作被动态句子的主语；而这时，原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的\"主语补足语\"了。例如： The story made us laugh .(宾语补足语)
We were made to laugh by the story. (主语补足语) They asked me to help them. (宾语补足语) I was asked to help them. (主语补足语) We saw them coming over. (宾语补足语) They were seen coming over. (主语补足语)
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七.不用于被动语态的及物动词
1）、当句子的谓语是表示“拥有”、“容纳”、“缺少”概念的及物动词时。例如： 1．The millionaire possesses great wealth．这位百万富翁拥有大量的财富。 2．The newly-constructed reservoir holds a lot of water．新水库蓄水量很大。 3．The house comprises five rooms．这幢房子有五个房间。
4，John Smith always lacks confidence．约翰·史密斯总是缺乏自信心。
2）、当句子的谓语是表示“适合”的及物动词，如suit，become，fit等时，没有相应的被动语态。 1．The blue skirt becomes Mary very well．这条蓝裙子玛丽穿上去很合适。 2．Will the date suit you？这个日子对你合适吗？
3．We should fit our deeds to our words．我们应该言行一致。
3）、当句子的谓语是表示“相互作用”的及物动词，如：equal，mean，resemble等时。 1．No one equals him in intelligence．他的智力是无与伦比的。
2．Revolution means liberating productive force．革命就是解放生产力。 3．The two boys resemble each other in appearance．这两个男孩长得相似。
4、当句子的谓语是表示“明白”意义的及物动词，如：get，catch，take时，也没有相应的被动语态。 1．The boy said，“I didn’t catch the last two words．”这个男孩说：“我没听清楚最后两个词。” 2．I don’t take you at all．你说的我一点也不懂。
5）、动词have作“有、接受、度过、吃、经历”解时，没有被动语态。 1．I have five good dictionaries．我有五本好词典。
2．I had three letters from Mr．Green．我收到过格林先生三封信。 3．We shall have a good Spring Festival．我们将过一个愉快的春节。 ▲不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her. ▲主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
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This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 ▲被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl. need/want/require/worth
注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 八. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。 例The glass is broken． （系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 例The door is locked． （系表结构）
The door hasalready/just been locked．（被动语态）
3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 例 The machine is being repaired． [考题分析]
一. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
例1： In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993) A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
解析 B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。 例2：This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
解析 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 例3：---- Have you moved into the new house?---- Not yet, the rooms _____. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
解析 A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。
例4：When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet. （上海春2003）
A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
解析 D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
例5：The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ___.（上海春2001） A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked
解析 B 句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。
例6：Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ______ so rapidly.（2001年高考试题）
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
答案为A。试题没有把考查的意图定位于对时态概念的简单理解，考生必须对现在进行时的本质特征----动作尚未完成，仍在过程中----有深刻的理解，否则将思路仅仅局限在“正在变化”、“已经变化”或“将要变化”，难于得出正确的结论。
例7：I ______ ping-pong quite well, but haven’t had time to play since the new year. （2001年高考试题）
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A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
答案为D。but 分句使用现在完成时，将谈话的时间概念限定在“当前”。如果选C，前一分句说“过去”，后一分句说“现在”，不合逻辑。本句的意思是说“乒乓球一向打得好，只是最近一段时间没有打”， “乒乓球打得好”是一种技能，选用一般现在时，是“经常发生的动作”这一概念的扩展和延伸。
例8：-- You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
-- I’m sorry I ______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you. （2002年高考试题） A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say 答案为D。sorry的原因是早先没有说到这件事，因此必须用一般过去时。
例9：The price ______, but I doubt whether it will remain so.（1999年高考试题） A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
答案为 C。目前价格的状况已经低下来，至于“价格下降”始于何时同谈话的内容无关。试题意在考查对“过去的动作对现在的影响”的理解。 二.高考对非谓语动词语态的考查
当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。
例1： Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。
例2： While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need. （上海1996） A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
解析 C can’t help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。 例3： I feel it is your husband who ___ for the spoiled child. （上海2002） A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
解析 A feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如to blame， to let等。 [强化训练]
1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A． are not kept；will have to B． are not kept；have C． do not keep；will have to D． do not keep；have to 2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off． --- Yes，it all depends on the weather． A． I've been told B． I've told C． I'm told D． I told 4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed 7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____. A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken 8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction. --- What’s the pretty small house that __ for? A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building 11.--- Do you like the material? --- Yes, it ___ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
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12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese． A． write B． to write C． to be written D． written 13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you． A． to type B． typing C． to be typed D． typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out 15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith. A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book? ---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 19. This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching key 1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA 11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
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