虚拟式(Subjunctive Mood)————the form (or mood) of a verb that expresses wishes, possibility or uncertainty,or a verb in this form. 虚拟式有两种
形式，即be-型虚拟式(be--- Subjunctive)和were---型虚拟式(were--subjunctive).
be-型虚拟式
【1】用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中三种情况用于 1,decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,req
uire,suggest,Vote等动词之后的that分句中
Eg:He ordered that all the homework (should) finished at once. She insisted that she(should) go to the school.
2,advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossib
le,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词后的that-分句中 Eg:It is necessary that he (should) come back without delay. It was appropriate that this tax ( should) be abolished. It is imperative that this mission(should) not fail.
3,decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,advice等名词
之后的that-分句
Eg:Their decision was that the school (should) remain closed.
His order that the troops (should) not be sent at once was carried out. 注意转换
He ordered that the books be sent at once.
=He ordered that the books should be sent at once. =he ordered the books to be sent at once.
It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job. =It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job. =It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job. 【2】用于if,though等引导的分句中
be-型虚拟式能用于由if ,though,whatever,lest,so long as,whether等引导的分句
中表示推测、让步‘防备等含义
Though everyone desert you,I will not.
Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. If the rumor be true,everything is possible.
Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my unswerving support. Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away. 上述用法只适用于正式语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或用
should/may+不定式
Eg:If the rumor is true,everything is possible.
He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen. Whatever his defense may be,we can't tolerate this disloyalty. 【3】用于某些公式化的语句中
be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化的语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义
Eg.God bless you!
Long live the people’s Republic of china! God damn you!
Heaven forbid!(天理难容～) So be it.(但愿如此、就这样吧)
Suffice it to sat that…(只需说。。。就够了)=it suffices to say that….
Far be it from me to (我极不愿) spoil the fun.=It is far from me to spoil the fun He will remain here if need be.
Home is home, be it ever so homely. 恰当使用be--型虚拟式
1,She insists on his taking his vacation now.
2,I had recommended him to be placed in a more responsible position. 3,I suggested his finishing up that project quickly. 4,I demanded his accompanying me to the learning(听证会)。
5,The general commanded the solder to advance immediately. 6,I prefer Mary to type the letters.
7,It was necessary for him to leave immediately. 8,It is important for him to be nominated. 9,He advised her to wait for a few weeks. 10,The board has introduced the manager to quit.
11,He ordered the troops to march to the front at once. 12,Congress has voted for this law to be abolished.
13,It is absolutely essential for all the applicants to be interviewed one by one.
14,I think it advisable for a secretary to be appointed at once. 15,We propose somebody neutral for the chair.
16,may our great motherland live long.
17,let it understood that both sides are willing to reach an agreement. 18,it suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. 19,it is necessary for every member to get informed of these rules. 20,the ambassador will stay there if necessary.
were---型虚拟式
【1】用于某些状语分句 were---型虚拟式常用于if，if only,as if,as though,though 引导的条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让 步。
Eg.If I were you ,I should do that.
If it were to rain,the game would be put off. If only I were not so nervous.要是不那么紧张就好了 He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
He behaves as though he were better than us.
Though the world were against me, I would do what I consider as right.
【2】用于某些名词性分句中
were---型虚拟式常用于wish ,would rather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句
中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的)情况。
Eg.I wish it were spring all the year round. Suppose the earth were flat.
Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking. I’d rather I were not at the site of the accident.
上述were-型虚拟式在第一、三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代
Eg:If it was to rain,the game would be put off. If only i was not so nervous!
I was it was spring all the year round. I'd rather i wasn't at the site of the accident. 但是，在If i were you这一分句，通常倾向于用were，不用was，另外在某
些倒装结构中只用were,不用was.
Eg:Were I to do it,I should rely on you. =If I were to do it,I should rely on you. 还有，在as it were,作so to speak解，即“宛如”、“好比”结构中也只用were,
不用was.
Eg:He is my best friend,my second self,as it were. 如前所述，虚拟式在现代英语中已经不是一个重要的语法范畴，许多用虚拟式
的地方常为陈述式所取代，以上用should be 代替be，用was 代替were就是一
例，甚至还可根据语义意图干脆用现在时形式。 Eg:I was I were/was there.
He looks as if he were/was/is sick.
Imagine you are the salesman for Franco's product. 练习
1. Far __________(be) it from me to call him a thief. 2. If I __________(be) you, i shouldn't do it.
3. He behaves as though he __________(be) better than us. 4. Whatever__________ (be) his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.
5. Home is home,__________(be) it ever so homely. 6. It isn't as if she __________(not be) pretty.
7. It is essential that he __________(have) all the facts. 8. We recommend that a neutral Chairman__________(appoint). 9. He fought as hard as if his wife__________(be) in danger. 10. He is my best friend,my second self,as it__________(be) . 11. It is absolutely essential that all the facts __________(examine) first. 12. She treats me as if i __________(be) a strange.
13. I wish it __________(be) true.
14. We suggest that this applicant __________(apply) next year. 15. If i__________( feel )overtired,i wouldn't go on. 16. The committee recommends that the annual subscription __________(increase ) to $10.
17. It is highly desirable that every effort made to reduce expenditure and that
every member of the staff __________(economize) wherever possible. 18. He spoke to her as if she __________(be) a strange.
19. __________(be) that as it may,our expenditure is bound to increase.
20. They suggested that Smith __________(drop) from the team. 21. I'd play football with you if i __________(be) young. 22. It's not as though he __________(be) poor.
23. If it __________(rain) tomorrow,the match would be postponed. 24. Suppose he__________( see) us!
25. It is recommended that the work __________(not start) until all the preparation have been made.
26. __________(suffice) it to say that our foreign policy remains unchanged.
27. The judge ordered that the witness __________(tell) the truth. 28. I propose he__________( excuse.) 29. I move the meeting __________(adjourn).
30. __________(be) a serious crisis to arise,the government would have to act
swiftly.
31. Congress has voted that the present law__________(continue) to operate. 32. If need__________(be) ,we can always bring another car. 33. It's essential that he __________(be) here by tomorrow.
34. It is necessary that every member__________( inform) himself of these rules. 35. I wish i __________(be) a bird.
36. He will remain here if i need__________(be) . 37. I require that they __________(come) by ten. 38. Give him food lest he __________(perish).
39. Even if it __________(be) more difficult,i should try to accomplish it. 40. He makes a note of the assignment lest he __________(forget) it.
假设意义表示综括
1.用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义 A)It is time(that)..... Eg:It is time we went to bed.
You've been working hard,it's time you took a rest. It is time we had dinner.
It is about time you made up your mind. It is high time you left her a hand.
B)I would rather/sooner(that) you/he/they.... I am sure he is keeping something back,I'd rather she got home a little earlier.
She got drunk last night,I'd rather she hadn't drunk so much. They offered me this expensive wine,but frankly I'd rather they offered me some
beer.
C)If only.....
If only I know her address. If only had enough money with me. If only I could swim. If only I had gone by taxi.
If only she had listened to my advice. D)He behaves as if/as though......
He ordered me about as if he were my boss. He remember the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday.
She was sitting quietly in the garden as if /as though nothing happened to her.
They are staring at me as if i was /were crazy. She looked as if she had had some bad news. *在as if /as though结构中的动词形式通常决定于说话人的语义意图。
比较: i feel as if i was/were going to faint.(我感觉好像要晕倒了) I feel as if i am going to faint.(我感觉(真的)就要晕倒了) 这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去形式 Eg:It looks as if it is going to rain.看来好像要下雨了
It seems as if we will have to go home on foot. The fish smells as if it has gone bad. The apple tastes as if it is sour.这苹果味道有点酸
E)I wish(that).....
I wish (that) I didn't have to go to work today. I wish(that) I was/were a bit taller. I wish you were coming with me,Peter. I wish i hadn't said that.
I wish i had brought an umbrella with me. She wishes she 'd never got involved in the whole affair.
I wish the sun was shining at this moment. I wish i hadn't eaten so much last night. 以上都表示与现在事实或过去事实相反的主观愿望，如果表示对将来事态的主
观愿望，通常用某些情态动词的过去形式，此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委 婉的劝告。
I wish you wouldn't smoke in public places. I wish you would listen to my advice. I wish i could do something for you in return. How i wish she might lend him a hand. I wish 和i hope 都表示希望，但i hope(that)...并不表示假设意义，随后的动词
形式除表示婉转口气外，很少用过去形式 I hope you are ready.
I hope you are coming to our party.
I hope you can do something to help her. We hope you will be very happy.
I hope the weather would be favorable. 2.用情态动词过去时形式表示假设意义
常见于条件句和含蓄条件句以及某些特定的语境 【1】用于条件句
If i were you ,i would not miss this opportunity.
If he be found guilty,he would be sent be sent to prison. If he were here,i would explain to him myself.
If you should change your mind,do not let me know. If i knew her address, i would have written to her. If i had not been for me,you would not be free now. 【2】用于含蓄条件句
But for your help,i couldn't have achieved anything. Anyone who should violate the law would be punished. In different circumstance,i might have agreed.
This same thing,happening in wartime(=if it should happen in wartime).would amount to disaster.(此类事情如果发生在战时就会造成灾难)
Born in better time(=if he had been born in better time),he would have done credit to the profession of letters.如果他生逢其时，肯定会对文学事业做出贡献)
Left to itself(=if it had been left to itself),the country would long have achieved its
unity(如果没有外来干涉，该国早已完成统一事业)
To look at him(=if you were to look at him),you would think him a young man.(你如果看到他，还会以为他是年轻人)
Another half hour and all the people there would be killed.=If another half hour should pass,all the people there would be killed.(如果再过半个小时，那里所有的
人都会死光) 【3】用于其他语境
That she would forget me so quickly was rather a shock. Oh i could see him again!=i wish that i could see him again. Would that she could see her son now!
=if only she could see her son now!
Who would have thought that things should come to such a tragic end! He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.
要求用动词过去时形式填空
1.it is just struck midnight,it is high time we________(go) to bed. 2.If only we________(have) a phone! I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box.
3.He talks as if he __________(do)all the work himself,but in fact Tom and i did most of it.
4.I wish i __________(know)what's wrong with my car.
5.It looks like train,you __________(have) better take a raincoat. 6.The cheese looks as if rats__________(nibble)it.
7.He always talks as if he __________(address a public meeting. 8.He treats us as if we __________(be)all idiots. 9.A:I'd like to get a job.
B:I'd much rather you__________ (stay)at home and__________(look)after the
house.
10.if you__________(tie)the boat up,it wouldn't have drifted away. 11.I wish you__________(not give) him my phone number.(I'm sorry you gave it to him)
12.Suppose you __________(have)a million dollars--------how __________(will) you
spends it?
13.You talk as though it were __________(be) a small thing to leave your country for ever.
14.I hate driving,I'd much rather you__________(drive). 15.If only I__________(be) insured!(=but I wasn't insured)
16.If you __________(not take) those photos,you wouldn't have been arrested. 17.If only I __________(keep)my mouth shut!(=I said something which made matters much worse.)
18.Suppose you __________(not know) where your next meal was coming from? 19.I wish nuclear weapons never(be)invented.
20.It's hight time you __________(stop) doing this translation and (start) writing your thesis.
21.I wish I __________(be coming) with us.
22.I wish I __________(not try)to repair it,I only made it worse.
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