He suffered from cold and hunger． 2．S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：be(是am, is, are, was, were)，look， sound，feel，taste，smell，seem, grow，get，run, become，turn, go, seem，appear，stay, remain, keep, fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still等。例如： The cake tastes nice．
He has suddenly fallen ill． 他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still．注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如： They grow rice in their home town．
3．S十V十O句式。在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如： They found their home easily． 他们很容易找到他们的家。 They built a house last year． 4．S十V十Oi十Od句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如： Mother bought me a book/a book for me. He offered me his seat/his seat to me． 5．S十V十O十Co句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。构成宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。 They made the girl angry． They named the boy Charlie． They felt the car moving fast．
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动词时态
一：16种时态的基本构成：以动词 ask为例 现在将来系列 过去系列 现在 将来 过去 过去将来 一ask(s) shall/will ask asked should/would ask 般 进am/is/are shall/ will be was/were should/would 行 asking asking asking be asking 完have/has shall/ will should /would 成 asked have asked had asked have asked 完have /has shall/ will have been had been should/ would 成been asking asking asking have been asking 进 行 二：解题的主要方法：
1．理解各种时态的基本用法，即每个时态对应的时间和状态。 2．注意分析动作发生的时间：
动作时间的判断主要来自：题干中的时间状语；题干中的谓语；句意。 3．注意分析动作的状态：进行，完成，未完成； 三：各种时态的基本用法小结：
1． 一般现在时 结构：动词原形或—s/es
考点一：主要用于过去，现在和将来都发生的动作以及现在的状态。
The earth moves around the sun.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, by the time; 条件：if, unless, as long as等。
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：表示按规定或计划到时就要发生的动作。主要用于leave, come, go等动词。
The train leaves at 22:18.
2．现在进行时 结构： am/is/are +-ing
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
考点三：表感情色彩，加强语气，与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again
等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 The little boy is always making trouble.
考点四：表示现在一段时间内，断断续续地的动作。
They are planting trees in the countryside these days.
3． 现在完成时 结构： have/has + -ed
考点一：表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。
They have lived in Beijing for five years（现在还在北京居住）. They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
They have improved the design of the machine in the past 5 years.
常用时间状语：lately; recently, up to now; till now; so far, these days, just, already, yet. in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the
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last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点二：表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍
存在。
I have seen the film, so I don’t want to see the film again tonight.
考点三：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后
面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
考点四：瞬时性动词可以用于完成时态，但是不可以后接表示持续一端时间的时间状语。如
果瞬时性动词后接表示持续一段时间的时间状语，那么该瞬时性动词需要做些变化。 His father has died.（正确）
His father has died for 5 years.（不正确） His father has been dead for 5 years.（正确）
常见瞬时性动词及其变化形式：join—be in/ be a member of; begin—be on; leave—be away; marry—be married; borrow—keep; buy—have; catch a cold—have a cold等
4．一般过去时 结构： –ed（过去式）
考点一：表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现
在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once（曾经）; during the war; before; a few days ago; when。
考点二：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词
原形。 He used to smoke a lot.
考点三：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时 结构： was/were + -ing
考点一：表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作或断断续续的动作， He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. 考点二：表示过去未完成的动作。
She was writing a book about Iraq, but I don’t know whether she has finished it. 考点三：表示过去将来.
He said that he was leaving for America the next day. 6. 过去完成时 结构： had + -ed
考点一：表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”。句中有明显的参照的
过去动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点二：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一
般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点三：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点四：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实
现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 一般将来时 结构： will/shall + 动词原形 考点一： 表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或存在的状态。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008
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等表示将来的时间状语连用。
London will host the 30th Olympic Games in 2012.
考点二：用在时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中，即通常所说〝主将从现〞：
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 考点五： am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8. 过去将来时 结构： would/ should +动词原形 考点一：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day. I thought he would not attend that evening party.
考点二：. was/were going to + 动词原形 表示“原打算”
He said that he was going to visit his father, but he had no time this wekend. 9．将来进行时 结构： will/shall be +-ing
考点一：表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 10．将来完成时 结构： shall/will have -ed
考点一：表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显：常用的时间状语一般
用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 11. 现在完成进行时 结构： have/has been -ing
考点一：用来表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，动作可能还要继续进行下去。
He has been working in the factory for 10 years. 被动语态
1． 10种时态的被动语态构成： 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一am/is/are asked was/were asked shall/will be should/would be asked 般 asked 进am/is/are being was/were being 行 asked asked 完have/has been had been asked shall/will have should/would have been 成 asked been asked asked 2．主要用法及考点： 1 基本要点
①被动语态的基本机构：be + -ed
②只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词才能用于被动语态； ③不及物动词；系动词不能用于被动语态；
不及物动词：take place, break out, happen, occur, belong, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail,
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succeed, rise等
系动词：smell, taste, sound, look, keep等（注意：有些动词既可以用做及物动词也可以用做系动词，如果用做及物动词时，可以用于被动语态）。 It took place before liberation.
④被动语态的其他结构：get/become + -ed 表被动 ⑤主动形式表示被动含义。
下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,基本结构： 主语 + 动词 + well, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )； Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 ⑥常用被动句型：
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought… 主谓一致
主谓一致指当主语是某种形式时，谓语动词可能会以以下四种形式出现(动词第三人称单数，简称三单)：
① 动词-s(-es); ② is; ③ was; ④ has
解题技巧：空格前是名词复数，选三单；空格前是名词单数，不选三单。 虚拟语气
（1） 在非真实条件状语句中的运用：
做题要领：分清主句和从句；弄清动作发生的时间。 从句（谓语形式） 主句（谓语形式） 违背现在 过去式 would/should/could/ might + 动词原形 违背过去 had + -ed would/should/could/ might + have+-ed 违背将来 ⑴should+动词原形 would/should/could/ might +动词原形 ⑵were to+动词原形
例句：违背现在 If I were you, I would refuse the money.
违背过去 If I had not taken your advice, I would have made a mistake. 违背将来 If you were to live there for a while, you would change your mind about that place.
注意：如果条件从句中含有had，should,或were，可将其提前到从句主语前，而将if省略。 例句：Had they had time, they would certainly have come and helped us.
Were it not for their assistance, we could not have got over the difficulties. Should they come here tomorrow, we could only leave here. 介词without, but for（要不是）引出的虚拟语气：
Without your help, she could not have passed the final exam. 副词otherwise或or引出的虚拟语气
Work hard, otherwise, you would fail to pass the exam. （2） 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
虚拟语气形式 (should) + 动词原形 （主动形式） (should) + be + -ed （被动形式） 1 主语从句
基本结构 It is (was) +形容词（或-ed形式的词）+ that + S + V + … 2 宾语从句 下列动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气：
advice 建议suggest建议, insist坚持, order命令, propose提议, demand要求, require;
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request 要求command命令, require要求, request要求，recommend推荐。 3 同位语从句和表语从句
在下列名词后面的同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气：
suggestion, proposal, order, instruction（指令，指示）, advice, motion（提议） 例句：It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. It is necessary that he be sent there at once. He suggested that we leave early. （3 ）虚拟语气在以下结构中的运用：
在原有的时态上加上“过去”。既现在时间用过去式 ；过去时间用过去完成时；将来时间用过去将来时。
1 在wish后的宾语从句中； I wish I remembered her address. 2 as if/ as though 后的从句中；
He talks as though he knew where she was. 3 It is (high) time that …（该是……时候了） It is time that you got up.
4 would rather（宁愿）引出的宾语从句
The leader would rather that we went to plant trees today. 5 if only 要是…就好了
If only she had asked someone's advice. 情态动词
1．基本意义can may must need dare should will shall could might 必须 需要 敢 ought to would 能 可以 应当 愿意 ① May…? No, …mustn’t . Must…? No,…needn’t ② have to （强调客观） ;must（强调主观） ③be able to （强调经过努力能做某事） ④need, dare还可以作行为动词
need： need + to do； need to be –ed； need –ing
dare： dare to do （但当dare用于否定句时，后接动词不定式可省略to） ⑤ will表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”等，可用于各种人称 ⑥ would（1）表示意愿；（2）表示过去习惯或反复发生的动作；（3）表示请求、建议（用于疑问句），would表示请求、建议等比will委婉、客气。
⑦shall （1）用于第二、三人称，表示许诺、答应、命令等。 If he passes the exam he shall have a holiday。（2）shall表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称，并用于疑问句。（3）shall有时在从句中相当于must。 ⑧should的用法：（1）should表感情色彩，常用在以why, how开头的疑问句或宾语从句中。I don’t see why we shouldn’t make friends.；（2）should表义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。You should do what your parents tell you. 2．两种结构（主要区别在于动词发生的时间）
情态动词 + 动词原形（情态动词 + be + -ed）（表示现在；将来） 情态动词 + have + -ed（情态动词 + have +been + -ed）表示过去
3．表示猜测
can may （可能） could might（也许） must（一定） can not （不可能）
can may could might既可用于肯定的猜测也可用于否定的猜测。must只用于肯定的猜测 注意：may 强调逻辑上的可能； can 强调事实上的可能。
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should表推测，暗含很大的可能。It’s 4:30. They should be in New York by now 4．结构
情态动词 + 动词原形 （对现在或将来发生的动作或状态） 情态动词 + have + -ed 的含义 特点：过去发生的动作或状态
① can have -ed 表示可能已经做某事；
② could have -ed 表示可能做过某事或本可以做某事； ③ may have -ed 表示可能已做某事；
④ might have -ed 表示也许做过某事或本可以做某事； ⑤ must have -ed 表示一定已做某事；
⑥ needn't have -ed 表示本可不必做某事，事实上已做
（注意与didn’t need to do和didn’t have to do的区别。这两种用法表示过去不必做某事，事实上也没有做。）
⑦ should have -ed /ought to have -ed表示应该已做某事，而事实上并没做；
⑧should not have -ed /ought not to have -ed表示过去不应该做某事，而事实上做过。 5． May……….! 表示祝愿。 动词非谓语 1． 动词非谓语10种形式：主动被动；时间状态。
主动 被动
to + 动词原形 to be -ed （现在；将来）
to have –ed to have been –ed （过去；比谓语动作先发生） to be –ing （进行）
–ing being –ed （进行）
having –ed having been –ed （过去；比谓语动作先发生） –ed （过去） (1）动词不定式：①to + 动词原形 ② to be –ed ③ to have –ed ④to have been –ed ⑤to be –ing (2) 动名词：① -ing ② being –ed ③ having –ed ④ having been –ed
(3) 分词：现在分词 ① -ing ② being –ed ③ having –ed ④ having been –ed
过去分词 ⑤ -ed
注意：--ing；being –ed做动名词时不强调进行。-ed有时不表被动或过去，而是表示状态。 3． 解题方法或步骤
（1）看选项（看选项属于主动还是被动）； （2）看空格（确定选主动还是被动）；、 （3）看时间或状态
（4）掌握一般的，记住特殊的。
介词 + 动名词 注意to做介词使用的情况 。
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to（习惯于）, be committed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be contrary to, with regard to, with a view to, as to , in contrast to 注意下列后接动名词的习惯用法：
① It’s no use/ good/ fun doing… 但是: It’s of no use to do… ② It is useless/ senseless/ worthwhile doing … ③ There is no use (in)/ point/ sense/ harm doing… ④ have difficulty/ trouble/ problem doing… ⑤ have a good / hard/ difficult time doing… ⑥ spend /waste(time) doing…
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⑦ be worth/ busy doing… ⑧ feel like doing… ⑨ can’t help doing…
下列习惯用语中都带有but，后面都有接不带to的不定式： can not help but do… can not but do…
can do nothing but do…
can not do anything but do… 但是: have no choice/ alternative but to do…
名词性从句：主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句
连接代词或副词和从句的关系：
① 连接代词that + 完整句…+ V +……（that只有语法含义） ② 连接代词whether + 完整句…+ V +……
③ 连接代词who, whoever, whom, what, whatever等 + 不完整句…+ V + ……
④ 连接副词where, when, why，how 等完整句…+ V……（从句谓语动词是系动词
此处的连接副词可能做表语。）
1．主语从句
（一） 主语从句结构：（1）连接词+句子 ……+ V +…… （2）It + V……连接词 + 句子 例句:
① That she takes a couple of days rest is advisable.
It is advisable that She takes a couple of days rest. ② Whether it is true remains a question. ③ What you are doing is very difficult.
④ How the prisoner escaped was a complete mystery. 2． 宾语从句
（一）宾语从句基本结构：
① S + V+ 连接词+ 句子
② S + V+ 名词/代词 连接词+ 句子 ③ S + V+ it+ Co连接词+ 句子
④ 介词连接词+ 句子
例句:
① I believe that you are telling the truth. ② I do not know whether the sailboat is sinking or not. ③ She asked me who would attend the meeting. The teacher wonders what his students are doing. ④ Do you know why we put off the sports meeting. 3． 表语从句结构: S + 连系动词+连接代词或连接副词+ 句子 4． 同位语从句:
（一）同位语从句常跟在fact, fear, hope, idea, news, suggestion，evidence, story, promise, belief等名词后,通常由连接词that引导.（其他三类连接词引导的同位语从句通常不考）。 基本结构： 名词 + that + 完整句子
变化结构1： 名词 + V +that + 完整句
变化结构2： 名词 + 介词短语或非谓语等定语 + that +完整句 变化结构3： 名词， 插入语，that +完整句。 例句：
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1 . The fact that he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation.
2. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
3. Danby left word with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. 4. --- It’s thirty years since we last met.
--- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, that we got lost on a rainy night.
定语从句 （一）：限制性定语从句 1. 限制性定语从句结构：
⑴ …（先行词）名词或代词 +关系代词( that, who , who, which, whose + 名词). +
不完整句
⑵ …（先行词）名词 +关系副词 （where, when, why）+ 完整句
具体考点：⑴ 先行词指人，关系代词包括 who（作主语）, that（作主语或宾语）, whom
（宾语，可省略）, whose（定语。需后接名词）
⑵ 先行词指物，关系代词包括that（作主语或宾语），which（作主语或宾语），
whose（作定语）。（that, which作宾语可以省略）
⑶ 先行词指时间，关系词用when （介词+which）+ 完整句
或先行词指时间，关系词用that/which+不完整句 ⑷ 先行词reason,关系词用why + 完整句
或先行词reason,关系词用that/which + 不完整句
⑸ 先行词指地点或非以上类别的名词，关系词用where （介词+which）+ 完整
句
或先行词指地点，关系词用that/which/ +不完整句
注意：介词+ which/whom这一考点。这种题关键在于选择正确的介词。介词的选择主要来自两个方面：根据从句中的的固定搭或所修饰的先行词。 （二）非限制性定语从句结构：
1．先行词，关系代词（who, whom, which,whose+名词）+ 不完整句 2．先行词，关系副词（when,where）+ 完整句
3． 句子， which + 不完整句（此处的which指前面整个句子）
非限制性从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述，或补充。从句与主句之间常用逗号分开。
注意：1，在非限制性定语从句中，不使用关系代词that。
2，在限制性定语从句中，that的用法≥ which 的用法。但介词后不用that。
主要原因：①先行词既指人也指物时②先行词有形容词最高级修饰③先行词前有序数词修饰④先行词是不定代词
状语从句
1．让步状语从句 常用while（尽管），although/though（虽然……但是，尽管），even though /even if（即使），however（无论如何），whatever（无论什么），whoever（无论谁），no matter how/what/who（无论怎样/什么/谁），（注意：however (no matter how) 要先接形容词、副词再接主谓结构。as（尽管）(注意：as要用倒装，既表语/状语 +as + 主谓结构。),whether…or (无论怎样)等词引导。
2条件状语从句
常用if（如果，假如），unless（除非，如果不）,as/so long as（只要），suppose, supposing（假设）， providing, provided（假若），in case（如果）等词引导。
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3．时间状语从句
常用when（当……时，这时候）,while（当……时，在……期间）,whenever（无论什么时候）,every/each time（每当）,as（正当……时）,before（在……之前）,after（在……之后）,since（自从……以来）,until/till（直到）,as soon as, the moment, the minute（一……就）,hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than（刚……就）,once（一旦）等词 4.结果状语从句
常用so…that（如此……以致）,such…that（如此的……以致）等词引导。 ① so + 形容词/副词 that
② so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 + that
③ so + many (much, few, little) + 名词 + that ④ such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 + that ⑤ such + 形容词 +名词 + that 5. 原因状语从句 6目的状语从句
常用so that（以便，为了），in order that（为了），lest（以免，以防）等词引导。 7.地点状语从句
常用where（在……地方）, wherever（无论哪里）等词引导。 8．方式状语从句 常用as（如，按照），just as（正如），as if /as though（好像，仿佛）等词引导。 9比较状语从句
①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如： This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如： He works even harder than before.
注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 +
谓语）”的结构（意为“越……越……”）。如： The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。 He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑥在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。 The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk. ⑦ …as + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 + as 结构 ⑧常考倍数表达法。（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of (B) 倍数 + as … as
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