构词法(word formation)
高考感知:
1.(2018全国I,)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _________(strength)your leg muscles,avoid hills and get good running shoes. 2.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ,)However, be________(care) not go to extremes. 3. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) Handle the most important task first so you'll feel a real sense of ___________(achieve).
构词法就是一个单词通过转化、派生、合成等构成另一个新词的方法。高考命题虽以考纲所列词汇为依据,但考纲词汇通过构词法变成的新词是不算超纲词的,这类词在每年每份试卷中约几十个,如果
不掌握好构词法,这几十个词很可能会成为我们阅读的障碍。不仅如此,需要构词法解答的题,在语法填空中会有1-3题,短文改错中会有1-2题。因此,掌握构词法,非常必要。
需要构词法知识解答的语法填空和短文改错题主要考查以下三点: 1. 作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语,用名词 2. 作定语、表语和补语,一般用形容词
3. 修饰动词、形容词、介词短语、从句或整个句子,要用副词
英语最基本的构词法(word formation);派生(derivation);合成(compounding);转化(conversion);截短法(缩略法);混合法(混成法)和首尾字母缩略法 常用的三种构词法:(考生必须掌握)
1.派生(Derivation):通过加前缀或后缀构成另外一个词:
eg. happy---- unhappy ( 加前缀) happy---- happiness ( 加后缀) 2.合成(Compounding): 由两个或更多的词合成一个词 eg. wood( 木)+ cut( 刻)----woodcut( 木刻) 3.转化(Conversion);由一个词类转化为另一个词类: eg. water ( n.)水 --- water ( v.)浇水
派生法
派生法(也称词缀法),即由一个词根加上前缀或后缀,构成另一个单词的构词法,添加在词根前面的构成部分叫前缀,它一般不改变
原词的词性,只改变其词义。添加在词根后面的构成部分叫后缀,它改变了原词的词性,有时可改变其词义。简言之:前缀改变单词词义; 词根决定单词意思;后缀决定单词词性。 前缀
1.表示“否定”、“相反”意义的前缀:
de- decrease减少;decentralize分散;degrade降级,降低……的地位; dis- dislike不喜欢;disagree不同意;;disappear消失; il- illegal不合法的;illogical不合逻辑的;
im- impossible不可能的;impractical不现实的;
un- unwilling 不情愿的;unbelievable 难以置信的;unnecessary 不必要的
ir- irregular 不规则 irresponsible 不负责任 mis- misunderstand 误解
non- nonsmoker 不吸烟 2.表示时间先后的前缀
ex- ex-husband前夫;ex-president前总统;
fore- foretell语言; foresee预见,预知; mid- midterm其中的;midnight午夜;
post- postwar战后的;postgraduate研究生; 3.表示方向位置的前缀
ex- export出口;exclude把……排斥在外;external外部的; in- input输入;indoor室内的;inrush涌入;incoming进来的
4、表示程度的前缀
extra- extraordinary非凡的,惊人的;extracurricular课程以外的; out- outnumber比……多;outrun超过,跑得比……快;
sur- surpass超过,优于;surplus剩余的;surrealism超现实主义 5、表示数量的前缀
bi- bilateral双边的,两边的;bipartisan两党的; bilingual两语的;
mono- momocycle独轮车;monologue独白;monodrama独角戏,单人剧; poly- polyacid多酸的;polyclinic多科联合诊所;polycentric多中心的 6、表示方式的前缀
anti- antiwar反战的;antifascist反法西斯的;antisocial反社会的; co- cooperation合作;coexist共存;co-prosperity共同繁荣; re- reconstruct重建;reform改革;rewrite重写 7、其他常见前缀
auto- autobiography自传;autograph亲笔;automat自动售货机;
bio- biography传记;biology生物学;biochemistry生物化学;bioeffect 生物效应;biological clock生物钟;biochip生物芯片;
eco- ecocide生态灭绝;eco-car生态汽车;eco-efficient生态效率; macro- macrobiotic长寿的;macroclimate大气候;macroeconomics宏观经济
学
micro- microbiology微生物学;microbus小型公共汽车;microfilm缩微胶卷
B.后缀
1.构成名词的后缀
-er/or/ee thinker思想家;cooker灶具; actor演员; monitor监视器;employee
雇员
-ese/ -ian/-ist Chinese,中国人; Japanese 日本人;musician,音乐家; technician 技术员; pianist钢琴家 -ness kindness 善意; happiness 幸福 -tion suggestion 建议; education 教育
-ment argument争论;judgment判断;disappointment失望; development -ory factory工厂;dormitory宿舍;laboratory实验室 -ics economics经济学;physics物理学;
-logy sociology社会学;biology生物学;archaeology考古学 -ess waitress 女服务员; hostess 女主人
2.构成形容词的后缀
-ful faithful忠实的;meaningful有意义的;painful疼痛的; -less useless 无意的; harmless无害的
-able acceptable可以接受的;applicable可适用的
-ive active积极的;decisive决定性的;native本族的
-ant ignorant无知的;significant有重要意义的;important重要的 -al national 国家的;natural自然的 –y rainy多雨的;cloudy 多云的 –ern eastern 东方的 norethern北方的 3.构成动词的后缀
-ate motivate激发;originate发源,创造出 -en widen使变宽;strengthen加强
-ize normalize使正常化;modernize使现代化 -fy/ satisfy使满意; beautify美化 -ify simplify 简化; terrify 恐吓 4.构成副词的后缀
-ly really真正地;happily幸福地;luckily幸运地 -ward forward向前;backward向后;westward向西 -wise likewise同样地;otherwise否则;
高考链接
1.2019全国I:
It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ____(poor) studied. 2.2019全国II
Her years of hard work have ______(final) been achnowledged after a customer nominated her to be Cheshire’s Woman of The Year. 3.2019全国II
We areso proud of her . It’s ______(wonder). 4.2019全国III:
When they were free fromwork, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting______(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. They also shared with us many_______(tradion) stories about Hawall that were ______(huge) popular with tourist.
Test yourself
1.admire v_________n 2.admit v_________n 3.anxious adj________n 4.apologise v_______n 5.compete v_______n 6.convenient adj_____opp 7.grow v _________n 8.high adj _________n
9.hungry adj_________n 10.noise n_________adj 11.able adj_________v 12.beautiful adj______v 13.press v _______n 14.true adj______adv 15.taste v_________adj 16.mud n_________adj 17.benefit n/v______adj 18.argue v_______n 19.rely v_______adj 20.energy n_______adj 21.wise adj_______n 22.proud adj_______n
用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.Mr Chen has taught me English since Junior 1,and to show my (appreciate) I
decided to get her a present.
2._____ __(lucky), I arrived just too late to mee them.
3.We apologise for any ________(convenient) caused by the delayed. 4.“Thirty-five cents,” she said (rude).
5. I must know how to care for others and try not to (understand)them.
6.You have done well and made great achievement in the ________(entertain) field.
7. These people have made great ________ (contribute) to China with their work. 8. The storm damaged several________(new) built buildings
9.Numerous studies have shown that free play is very (benefit). It can help children become creative.
10…they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention the latest _______ (excite) football match.
11.However, the programs have also led to problems such as________(legal)parking, deliberate damaging and theft.
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