2、Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.
3、Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 4、Coarticulation: When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.
5、Allophones: Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. 6、Suprasegmentals: supeasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.
7、Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
8、Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on singular words or on groups of words of varying length.
9、Determiners refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a none group, and which determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.
10、Grammatical construction or construct can be used to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.
11、Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head. 12、Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
13、Agreement(or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). 14、Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into another relative clause, so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful
communication. The same holds true for nominal clause and adverbial clauses. This is what we call excursiveness.
15、Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. The sentences made up in this way can be understood as instances of coordination. 16、Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.
17、Morphological change 词素变体Morphological change takes the form of inflectional changes in affixes.
18、Linguistics 语言学Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field. 19、Category 范畴
The term CATEGORY in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of those general units. 简述题（20’X1=20’） 1、 Displacement 移位性
DISPLACEMENT means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication... Thus, I can refer to Confucius, or North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2550 years and the second is situated far away from us. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions. Indeed words are often used not in such immediate physical context when they denote concrete objects. They are often used with a deference for referential application. 2、 Arbitrariness 任意性
Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
① Arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. In English,
totally different words are used to describe the sound. But there is some misunderstanding about the onomatopoeic effect. As a matter of fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time.
② Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. According to systemic functionalists and American
functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. As we know, the order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned. ③ Arbitrariness and convention. What then is the link between a linguistic sign and its
meaning? It is a matter of CONVENTION. Here we have to look at the other side of the coin of arbitrariness, namely, conventionality. 3、 Complementary antonymy 互补反义词
Antonymy like alive: dead, male: female, present: absent, innocent: guilty, are of this type. In contrast to the first type, the members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. 4.creativity创造性
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