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Module 2 语法详解和训练-外研版八年级下册英语

2022-06-09 来源:好走旅游网
外研版英语八(下)Module 2 Experiences模块语法详解

现在完成时(1)

一、现在完成时的用法

1. 表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,对现在产生影响或结果。常和already, yet, just, ever, never, before等副词连用。如:

Jim has laid the table. 吉姆已经摆好桌子了。(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了。) I have spent all of my money. 我花完了我所有的钱。(含义是:现在我没有钱花了。)

2. 表示到目前为止经历过或未经历过的事。如:I have never been to England. 我从没有去过英国。 二、现在完成时谓语部分的构成

由“助动词have/has + 过去分词”构成。在人称代词后have, has可以缩写为’ve或’s,。 三、现在完成各种句式变化:

1. 肯定式:主语+助动词have (has)+过去分词+其他。如: He’s eaten breakfast. 他吃过早饭了。

2. 否定式:主语+助动词have (has)+not+过去分词+其他。have/has not 缩写haven’t/hasn’t。如: He hasn’t eaten breakfast. 他没吃早饭。

3. 疑问式:助动词have (has)+主语+过去分词+其他?如: Has he eaten breakfast? 他吃过早饭了吗?

4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?如: How long have you lived here? 你住在这儿多久啦? 四、动词过去式、过去分词的规则变化 1. 一般情况下,在动词后加-ed。如:

work→worked→worked; finish→finished→finished; play→played→played; rain→rained→rained 2. 在以e结尾的动词后加-d。如:

hope→hoped→hoped; like→liked,name→named,close→closed 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先把y改为i再加-ed。如: study→studied→studied; carry→carried; cry→cried

4. 以重读闭音节或字母r结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed。如: stop→stopped→stopped; prefer→preferred→preferred; plan→planned; drop→dropped 【注意】travel和quarrel在英式英语中要双写,在美式英语中不双写。

五、不规则动词的过去式、过去分词须重点记忆——重在日常积累 1. AAA型:即原形、过去式和过去分词等三式都相同。

cost(花费)→cost→cost; cut(剪,切)→cut→cut; hit(打,撞击)→hit→hit; hurt(受伤)→hurt→hurt; let(让)→let→let; put(放)→put→put, set(安置,释放)→set→set; read(读,朗读)→read→read;

【注意】read→read→read发音分别是[ri:d]→[red]→[red],其余动词三式读音相同。 2. ABA型:即动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。

become(变得)→became→become; come(来)→came→come; run(奔跑)→ran→run 3. ABB型:即动词的过去式和过去分词相同。

(1)单词末尾的字母-d改为-t。如:build(建造)→built→built;

lend(借出)→lent→lent; send(送,邮寄)→sent→sent; spend(花费)→spent→spent。 (2)原形最后一个字母改为t。如:lose(失去,丢失)→lost→lost;

smell(闻到)→smelled/smelt→smelled/smelt; spell(拼写)→spelt/spelled→spelt/spelled。 (3)原形后加一个字母t。如:dream(做梦)→dreamed/dreamt→dreamed/dreamt;

learn(学习,学会)→learned/learnt→learned/learnt; mean(意指,意思是)→meant→meant。 (4)原形中的双e变单e。如:feed(喂养)→fed→fed; meet(遇见)→met→met。 (5)原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t。如:feel(触摸)→felt→felt;

keep(保持,保存)→kept→kept; sleep(睡觉)→slept→slept; sweep(扫扫)→swept→swept。 (6)过去式和过去分词都以-aught或-ought结尾的动词。如:

catch(抓住)→caught→caught; teach(教)→taught→taught; bring(拿来)→brought→brought; buy(买)→-bought→-bought; fight(打架,打架)→fought→fought; think(想,认为)→thought→thought。

(7)以-ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把-ay变成-aid。如: pay(付钱)→paid→paid; say(说)→said→said。 (8)原形中的字母i改为o。如:

win(获胜,赢)→won→won;shine(照耀,发光,擦亮)→shone/shined→shone/shined。 (9)原形中的字母i改为a。如:sit(坐)→sat→sat; spit(吐痰)→spat→spat。 (10)原形中的an变为oo。如:

stand(站立,忍受)→stood→stood;understand(明白,理解)→understood→understood。 (11)原形中的-ell变成-old。如:

sell(卖,出售)→sold→sold; tell(讲述,告诉,吩咐)→told→told。

(12)原形中间的元音字母变成u。如:

dig(挖,掘)→dug→dug; hang(悬挂,吊)→hung→hung。 (13)其它的变化形式。如:

find(找到,发现)→found→found; get(得到,到达)→got→got; have(有)→had→had; hear(听见)→heard→heard; hold(握住行)→held→held; lead(带领)→led→led;

leave(离开,遗留)→left→left; make(制造)→made→made; shoot(射击)→shot→shot。 4、ABC型:即原形、过去式和过去分词各不相同。

(1)原形中含有字母i,在过去式中变为a,在过去分词中变为u。如:

begin(开始)→began→begun; drink(喝)→drank→drunk; ring(响铃)→rang→rung; sing(唱歌)→sang→sung; sink(下沉,消沉)→sank→sunk;swim(游泳)→swam→swum。 (2)以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在过去式中变成ew,过去分词则在原形后加-n。如:

blow(吹,刮风)→blew→blown; grow(成长,种植)→grew→grown; know(知道,认识,)→knew→known;

throw(投,掷,扔)→threw→thrown; draw(绘画,拖,拉)→drew→drawn。

【注意】为了便于记忆,我们将fly(飞,飘)→flew→flown也归纳到这里。

(3)原形-ear,过去式-ore,过去分词-orn。如:bear(忍受)→bore→born/borne; wear(穿,戴)→wore→worn。 (4)过去分词是在原形词尾加-n或-en。如:

be(是)→was/were→been; beat(跳动,打赢)→beat→beaten; drive(驾驶,驱赶)→drove→driven; eat(吃)→ate→eaten; fall(落下,倒)→fell→fallen; give(给,付出,递给)→gave→given; mistake(弄错)→mistook→mistaken;rise(上升)→rose→risen;see(看见)→saw→seen;

shake(摇晃)→shook→shaken;show(出/显示)→showed→shown/showed;take(拿走)→took→taken。 【特殊】bite(咬)→bit→bitten;hide(隐藏,躲藏)→hid→hidden;ride(骑)→rode→ridden;write(写)→wrote→written。 (5)过去分词是在过去式后面-n或-en。如:

break(打破,损坏)→broke→broken; choose(选择)→chose→chosen; speak(说,讲)→spoke→spoken; forget(忘记)→forgot→forgotten; steal(偷盗,窃取)→stole→stolen; wake(唤醒,醒来)→woke→woken。

(6)其他变化形式的动词。如:

do(做,干)→did→done; go(去)→went→gone; lie(躺,位于)→lay→lain。 5、没有过去分词的动词。

can(能,会)→could; may(可以,可能)→might; must(必须)→must; shall(将,会)→should; will(将,愿意)→would。

模块语法即学即练

一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。 1. go ______ _______ _______ _______ 2. enjoy _______ ______ ______ _______ 3. buy ______ ______ _______ _______ 4. eat ______ _______ _______ _______ 5. get ______ _______ _______ _______ 6. walk _______ _______ ______ _______ 7. take ______ ______ ______ _______ 8. run ______ _______ _______ _______ 9. swim ______ ______ ______ _______ 10. begin ______ ______ ______ _______ 二、单项选择。

( ) 1. Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _________ what’s happened to him.

A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know ( ) 2. Have you met Mr. Li ______?

A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago ( ) 3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year.

A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote D. has written ( ) 4. ---- Our country ______ a lot so far. ---- Yes. I hope it will be even ______.

A. has changed; well B. changed; good C. has changed; better D. changed; better ( ) 5. ---- These farmers have been to the United States. ---- Really? When _____ there?

A. did they go B. will they go C. do they go D. have they gone ( ) 6. ---- Where is Tom? We can’t find him anywhere. ---- Perhaps he home. A. has gone B. is going C. went D. was going ( ) 7. Don’t return the video to Peter. I it.

A. don’t watch B. won’t watch C. wasn’t watching D. haven’t watched ( ) 8. ---- Have you been to India? ---- No, . A. ever; never B. never; ever C. ever; ever D. never; never

( ) 9. ---- Your shoes are so old. Why don’t you buy a new pair? ---- Because I all my money on an MP5

player.

A. spend B. have spent C. am spending D. was spending ( ) 10. We the work by ourselves so far.

A. finish B. will finish C. have finish D. are finishing 三、按括号里的要求改写句子,每空一词。

1. They have visited the Great Wall. (改为否定句) →They the Great Wall. 2. Have you ever written an email in English? (作否定回答) → , . 3. Tony has watched the movie. (改为一般疑问句) → Tony the movie?

4. My mother hasn’t been to the Great Wall before. (改为肯定句) →My mother to the Great Wall before. 5. He played basketball. (改为现在完成时) →He basketball. 四、用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. Mr. Liu isn’t here now. He (go) to Beijing. 2. So far I (make) quite a few friends here. 3. I’ve lost my pen. _______ you _______ (see) it anywhere?

4. My father just (come) back from work. He is tired now. 5. I _______ already _______ (see) the film. I _______ (see) it last week. 6. Sorry, I (not hear) of this thing before.

7. Bob’s parents look sad. I think they (know) the bad news. 8. Mum, can I watch TV now? I (finish) my homework. 9. The bus (leave). You have to wait for the next one.

模块语法即学即练

一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。(略) 二、单项选择。1—5 BCDCA 5—10 ADABC 三、按括号里的要求改写句子,每空一词。

1. haven’t visited 2. No, I haven’t 3. Has; watched; 4. has been 5. has played 四、用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. has gone 2. have made 3. Have; seen 4. has; come 5. have; seen; saw 6. haven’t heard 7. have known 8. have finished 9. has left

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