The Role of Visual Modeling and Model Transformations in Business-driven Development

TheRoleofVisualModelingandModelTransformationsinBusiness-driven

Development

JanaKoehlerKseniaRyndina

RainerHauserJussiVanhatalo

JochenK¨usterMichaelWahler

IBMZurichResearchLaboratory,BusinessIntegrationTechnologies

S¨aumerstr.4,CH-8803R¨uschlikon,Switzerland

1Introduction

AnimprovedalignmentoftheITinfrastructureofanenterprisewithitsbusi-nessneedsandrequirementsisatrendthathasdominatedanddriveninno-vationsininformationtechnologyoverthepastcoupleofyears.Termssuch

asWebservices[24],Service-OrientedArchitecture[7],model-driven[23]andagile[18]development,andindustrystandardssuchastheWebServiceDe-scriptionLanguage,WSDL[5],andtheBusinessProcessExecutionLanguage,

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BPEL[1],orrecentspecificationssuchastheService-ComponentArchitec-ture[2]allrelatetothistrend.

Thenewtechnologiesfocusonimprovingtheagilityoftheenterprisesoft-waredevelopmentprocesstomatchthepaceatwhichthebusinessneedstochangeinordertokeepupwithmarkettrendsandcompetition.AkeytoimprovedsoftwaredevelopmentagilityisthecapabilityofITdepartmentstocreatesolutionsthatdirectlyrealizebusinessgoalsthroughwell-designedbusinessprocesses.

Business-drivendevelopment(BDD)[19]isamethodologyfordevelop-ingITsolutionsthatdirectlysatisfybusinessrequirementsandneeds.BDDrequiresthat“amechanismneedstobedevisedbywhichITeffortsareinter-lockedwithbusinessstrategyandrequirementsthroughanexecutionframe-workthatisstandardized,wellunderstood,andcanbeexecutedrepeatedlyandsuccessfully”[19].Themainphasesofsucha“mechanism”areillustratedinFigure1.

TheModelphasecomprisestheidenti-ficationofbusinessgoalsandrequirementsandthemodelingoftheunderlyingbusinessprocesses.Thebusiness-processmodelsareBusiness

Requirements

anessentialmeanstocreatealinkbetweenthebusinessneedsandtheITimplementa-IT tions.IntheDevelopphase,thebusiness-Requirements

processmodelsarerefinedthroughanum-beroftransformationsuntilanimplementa-tionisobtainedthatcanthenbeintegratedwiththeexistingITinfrastructureintheDe-Fig.1MainBDDphases.ployphase.Theresultingdeployedsolution

ismonitoredtomeasurehowitachievesthe

originallystatedbusinessgoals.Finally,needsforchangesandadaptationoftherunningbusinessprocessescanbederivedandfedbackintotheorigi-nalbusiness-processmodels.IntheBDDprocess,businessrequirementsflowdownwardsfromthebusinessleveltotheITlevel,whileITrequirementsflowupwardsfromtheITleveltothebusinesslevel.Whatsoundssostraight-forwardandeasyintheoryturnsouttobeaverychallengingendeavorinpractice.Inthispaper,wewillfocusonthetwopredominantofthechal-lengesencountered:

(i)Abusiness-processmodelthathasbeendesignedwithbusinessrequire-mentsandgoalsinmindisnotnecessarilyamodelthatdescribesascalable,reliable,andperformantchoreographyofreusableITservices.(ii)Aservicechoreographyderivedinatop-downmannerfromabusiness-processmodelmaynotsoeasilyorevennotatallintegratewithanexistingITinfrastructure.Thefirstchallengeresultsfromalargegapbetweentheworldandperspec-2

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tiveofabusinessanalystandtherealitiesoftoday’sprogrammingmodelsandsoftware-engineeringapproaches.ThesecondchallengeresultsfromthegapbetweenanideallydesignednewsolutionandtherealitiesoftheexistingITinfrastructureinvolvingsoftware,hardware,andnetworktopology.Thenextsectionwillworkthroughasmallexampletodiscussinwhichformthesechallengesoccurandhowtheycanbeaddressed.

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FromAnalysisModelstoDesignModelsofBusinessProcesses

Thereseemstobeawidelyacceptedbeliefthatthemodelofabusinessprocessexists,i.e.,thatthereisasinglemodelthatdescribesthebusinessprocessandthatthissinglemodelissuitableforthebusinessexpertaswellastheITex-pertwhoissupposedtoimplementthebusinessprocess.Inourownwork,wecametotheconclusionthatthisassumptionisveryunrealistic.Instead,itisnecessary(asitiscommontodayinobject-orientedprogramming)todistin-guishbetweentheanalysismodelofabusinessprocessanditsdesignmodel,andtodevelopamethodologythatenablestheseamlesstransitionfromtheanalysismodeltothedesignmodel.Toillustratetheproblem,letusconsidertheexampleinFigure2,whichdescribesaverysimplifiedprocessforhandlinginsuranceclaimsasitmaybeinitiallydepictedbyaclaimsspecialist.2TheprocessconsistsofthreesubprocessesSearchInformation,RecordClaim,andSettleClaim.

Fig.2.Analysismodelofasimplifiedclaimhandlingprocessininsurance.

Theintendedmeaningisdescribedbytheclaimsspecialistasfollows:“Theprocessstartswhenanewclaimisrecordedorbyrevisitinganexistingonetosearchforadditionalinformationontheclaim.Newinformationabouttheclaimisrecorded,andthenthesettlingoftheclaimisattempted.Theprocessfinishesiftheclaimwassettled,i.e.,ifeitherabenefitispayedortheclaimisrejectedbecauseitisnotcoveredbytheinsurancepolicyoftheclaimant,forexample.Ifasettlementcannotbeachieved,e.g.,thebenefitofferedbythe

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insuranceisnotacceptedbytheclaimant,theprocesshastoberesumedbysearchingforadditionalinformation.”

ThegraphicalmodelshowninFigure2depictseachofthesubprocessesbyarectangle,explicitlydenotesstartandendpointsoftheprocess,andshowsthecontrol-flowinsidetheprocessbyconnectingthemodelingelementswithdirectededges.3Multipleincomingoroutgoingedgesdenotealterna-tive,sequentialpathsofexecutionintheprocess,i.e.,thereisnoparallelisminvolvedinthisexample.Thedecisionsthatselectamongthesealternativeexecutionpathsarenotexplicitlyrepresentedinthismodel.Themodelisatypicalanalysismodelofabusinessprocess.Ananalysismodeldescribeswhattheprocessisdoing.Itshowstheinitialpartitioningoftheprocessintosubprocessesandactivitieswiththemainflowofcontroland,optionally,ofdata.ItcompletelyabstractsfromIT-relatedaspects,butcanbeusedforsimulationanddiscussionwithbusinessanalysts.

However,thismodelisnotyetreadyforimplementation.First,wedonotknowwhichdatawilldrivetheprocessandrepresenttheclaiminformation.Secondly,wehavenoinformationontheunderlyingdecisionlogicorbusinessrulesthatguidetheselectionofthealternativeexecutionpaths.Thisinfor-mationisaddedtothemodelinFigure3,whichshowsadata-flowmodelwithexplicitdecisionandmergepoints.Thefigureshowstheinitialdesignmodelfortheclaim-handlingprocess.Ingeneral,adesignmodelcontainsarefinedpartitioningoftheprocessthatreflectsexistingapplicationsystemsandshowsanIT-basedflowofdataandcontrol.Itmustbereadytobemappedtothedesiredtargetprogrammingmodel.Afullyrefineddesignmodelinadditiondescribeshowtheprocessisrealizedusinghardware,software,andpeople.

Fig.3.Initialdesignmodelwithdata-flow,decisionandmergepointsmadeexplicit.

ThetransitionfromFigure2toFigure3isaprocessthatconsistsofman-ualandautomaticsteps,involvingthedomainexpertandanITorBusinessarchitectwhoisabletoworkbetweenthebusinessandITworlds,takinginputfrombothsides:

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Inafullyautomaticstep,thesequentialandparallelbranchingandmerginginaprocessmodelcanbemadeexplicitbyaddingexplicitcontrolactionstotheprocessmodelsuchasJoin,Fork,Decision,Merge,e.g.,knownfromUMLactivitydiagrams[21].Inourexample,theoriginalcontrol-flowmodelistransformedintoacontrol-actionnormalform,whichexplicitlyaddscon-

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trolactionstothegraphicalmodelandrestrictsactivitynodestohavingonlyasingleincomingandoutgoingedge.Twodecisionandmergenodesareautomaticallyaddedtothemodel,whereasthenamesofthedecisions,ClaimExists?andSettled?,areaddedbytheuser.

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Theflowofbusinessinformationismadeexplicitinamanualtop-downanalysisstep,e.g.,itmeansthatoneannotatestheinputandoutputsofthesubprocesseswithdataabstractionssuchasclaim,policy,customerinformation,andtheseinputsandoutputsarepossiblyconnectedtomodelthedata-flowinsidetheprocess.

Inamanualbottom-upstep,datastructuresexistingintheavailableITinfrastructurearerevisited,whichcanrevealareusabledatatypethatcancapturetherequiredbusinessinformationanddrivetheprocess.Similarly,reusableservicesthatexistinthisinfrastructurecanbeidentifiedtoimple-mentpartsoftheprocess.Inourexample,anexistingWebserviceProvideInformationcanbereusedtoimplementtheSearchInformationsubprocess.ThisWebserviceusesamessageoftypeClaimthatisfoundsuitableforrepresentingallnecessaryinformationtodrivetheclaim-handlingprocess.Inafullyautomaticbottom-upstep,reusabledatatypesandservicescanbeimportedintothebusiness-processmodelingtool,wheretheybecomeavailableasmodelingelements.Servicemodelswillusuallybeaddedman-uallytoaprocessmodel,wheretheyareusedtoreplaceorrefineexistingprocessactivities,whereasacontrol-flowcanberefinedfullyautomaticallyintoadata-flowoncethedatatypehasbeenselectedbytheuser.Inourexample,theSearchInformationsubprocessisreplacedbytheProvideIn-formationserviceandtheClaimmessagetypeisassignedtothecontrol-flowofFigure2toyieldthecorrespondingdata-flowmodelinFigure3.

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Thetwoautomaticstepsinourexamplecanbeimplementedasmodeltransformationsthattransformthebusiness-processmodelinFigure2tothemodelshowninFigure3.First,theoriginalcontrol-flowmodelistransformedintoacontrol-actionnormalform.Second,amessagetypeClaimwasselectedbytheuserandthenusedinanautomaticmodeltransformationthatchangesthecontrol-flowintoadata-flowdrivenbyClaim.Oncethedataormessagetypeenteringeachdecisionpointintheprocessisknown,thedecisioncondi-tionscanbeexpressedbyreferringtotheattributesandvaluesofthedataormessagetype.Thespecificationofthedecisionconditionbasedontheprocessdataisafurthermanualrefinementstepofthedesignmodel.

However,wearestillnotdone.Specifictargetplatformsmayfurtherrestrictthecontrol-anddata-flowsofdesignmodelsthatcanbemappedtocode.OursimpleexamplecontainsaforwardedgefromtheClaimExists?decisiontotheRecordClaimactivityandabackwardedgefromtheSettled?decisiontoamergeprecedingtheProvideInformationservice.Thebackwardedgeleadstoacyclicprocessmodel.Unfortunately,alanguagesuchasBPELdoesnotsupportunstructuredcycles,butonlyofferswell-structuredloops

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intheformofwhile-activities[1].Thismeans,anothertransformationmustbeappliedthattransformsmodelswithunstructuredcyclesintomodelswithloops.Figures4and5showtheresultofsuchafullyautomaticcycle-removaltransformation[11,15].

Fig.4.Designmodelwithloop.

Figure4showsanewlycreatedloopactivitythatwasaddedbythemodeltransformationandencapsulatesallthoseactivitiesoftheprocessthatwerereachablebythecycle.Amapactivitywasaddedthatreceivesthearriv-ingClaimmessage,putsitintoadatastorevisualizedbyarepositorysym-bol(whichcanalsorepresentavariableinthetargetprogrammingmodel,e.g.,BPEL),andthentriggerstheloopviaacontrol-flowedge.Oncetheloophasterminated,anothermapactivityreceivesthemodifiedClaimmessageandthecontrol-flowfromthelooptopassthemessageontotheprocessinterface.Figure5showstheloopbodycontents.Inourexample,allactivitieshavebeenplacedinsidealoopandaBypassRegiondecisionhasbeenaddedtoencapsulatetheProvideInformationservice,whichisonlyinvokedinsomeoftheprocessexecutions.Theaccessoftheloopbodytothedataintherepositoryisnotdirectlyvisibleinthegraphicalvisualization,itisvisibleonlyviaadditionaltextualattributes,whichwedonotshowherebecauseofspacerestrictions.

Fig.5.Theloopbodycontainingtherepeatableprocessactivities.

Ourfinalexampledesignmodelisnolongerinarepresentationformatthatwouldbeidealforbusinesspeople.However,onlyfromthismodeloftheprocess,cannowruntimecodebegeneratedautomaticallythatmeetstherequirementsofourintendedtargetprogrammingmodelusingBPEL/WSDL.Withourtransformations,wehavemadeasystematicstep-by-steptransitionfromthebusinessviewtotheITviewoftheprocess,inwhicheachmodelre-sultsfromitspredecessorthroughawell-defined,gradualchange.Thechangeswerenecessarytoreuseexistingservicesanddatastructuresandaddressre-strictionsofthetargetprogrammingmodel.Onecaneasilyimaginethat

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scalabilityandperformancerequirementswillalsosignificantlyinfluencehowtheanalysismodelisrefinedintothecorrespondingdesignmodel,forexamplewhenwehaveachoiceofmorethanonereusableserviceorwhenquality-of-serviceconsiderationsbecomeimportant.Theexamplealsoshowedthatevenasimplescenariorequiresasophisticatedmixturebetweenmanualandauto-matic,bottom-upandtop-downsteps.

Inthenextsection,wewillreviewbusiness-drivendevelopmentfromalargerperspectiveanddiscusswhatmethodologicalandtoolingunderpinningsarerequiredtomakethisnewstyleofsoftwaredevelopmentsuccessful.

3

MethodologiesandToolsforBusiness-DrivenDevel-opment

Figure6positionsbusiness-drivendevelopmentasasoftwaredevelopmentprocessfocusingonbusinessprocessesandfacingatradeoffbetweentheneedtopreservecustomerinvestments,whilemovingtowardsamodernService-OrientedArchitecture.Customer InvestmentsImport & RestructuringBusiness-Driven DevelopmentViews & Normal Form Search & Comparison Quality AssuranceBusiness ProcessAnalysis ModelTransformations:Control-Flow Extraction Data Container Assignment Cycle RemovalState Machine ExtractionRuntimeServiceComponentArchitectureProcessesServicesRulesState MachinesExisting Business ProcessesReference ModelsOther ToolsRelevant IT ModelsXML SchemaBPEL, WSDLImportBusiness ProcessDesign ModelOther RuntimesBPEL ExportService & Process IdentificationFig.6.Business-drivendevelopmentandcontributionsbyourresearchteam.Inthefollowing,wewillusethisfiguretodiscussinterestingresearchprob-lemsandbrieflyreviewselectedcontributionsmadebyourresearchteam.TheworkinZurichstartedin2001drivenbythegeneralquestionofhowsoftwarebasedonWebservicesshouldbedevelopedinthefuture.TheworkwasinfluencedbytrendssuchasModelDrivenArchitecture[8]andrequire-mentsofbusinessintegration.Veryquickly,wefocusedontheproblemofgeneratingBPELfrombusiness-processmodels[14]—animprovedandex-tendedBPELcodegenerationispartofIBMWebSphereBusinessModeler

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today[16].Werealizedquicklythatcyclicprocessmodelsareverynaturalforbusinessanalysts,buttheirtransformationintoBPELisnotatallstraight-forward.Extendingourprocess-model-to-BPELtransformationtoalargerclassofprocessmodelsresultedinanothermodeltransformation,calledcycleremoval[11,15].Ourteamcontinuestofocusonmodeltransformationsinthecontextofbusiness-drivendevelopment,andwepursueourworktodayintwostrands.

Inonestrand,wedevelopmethodologiesthatunderpinbusiness-drivende-velopmentandmakeitusableinconcretecustomerscenarios.Atthecoreofthesemethodologiesisthedistinctionbetweenfourtypesofprocessmodels:theanalysisanddesignmodels,whichwediscussedintheprevioussection,theusageofreferencemodelsthatdescribebestpracticesforanindustry,andlegacyprocessmodels,i.e.,processmodelsthatmanycustomershavebuilt,butthathaveonlybeenusedindirectlyasinputintoasoftwaredevelopmentprocess.Theinvestmentsintotheselegacymodelsmustbepreserved;how-ever,themodelsmustalsobefurtherenhancedintheirqualitytoserveasstartingpointsforthegenerationofhigh-qualitycodeandarchitecturalsolu-tions.Thisoftenrequirestheirimportintoourowntoolsandarestructuringthatquiteoftenrevealssemanticerrorsthatneedtobecorrected.

ReferencemodelscanhelpinproducingbetterTo-Beanalysismodelsandcanalsoservetoguidetherefinementoftheanalysismodelintothedesignmodelifareferencemodelcontainsnotonlyprocessmodelsbutalsoready-to-useservicecomponentsanddatamodelsasitisforexamplethecasefortheIBMInsuranceApplicationArchitecture[12].Thesystematicusageofrefer-encemodelstoimproveanexistingbusinessprocessisachallengingtaskwhenwethinkbeyondtoyexamples.Itrequiresacomparisonofdifferenttypesofmodelsthatcanbefacilitatedforthehumanexpertbyusinganormal-formrepresentationandcondensedprocessviews.Specifictransformationsofprocessmodelssuchascontrol-flowextraction,whichchangesadata-flowmodelintoacontrol-flowmodel,datacontainerassignment,whichchangesacontrol-flowmodelintoadata-flowmodel,andcycleremovalcanbefullyau-tomated.Othertransformationsthatoftenrequirerefinementandrefactoringstepsofthecurrentmodelmustbedonebytheuser,butcanneverthelessbesupportedbytools.

Theneedtointerleavebottom-upandtop-downstepsinthedevelopmentprocessleadsusdirectlytotheproblemofroundtrippingforbusiness-processmodels.ThetheoreticalboundariesforroundtrippingbetweenBPELandanexpressivebusiness-processmodelinglanguage,forexample,areeasytodetermine.GiventheTuringequivalenceofbothlanguages,itisingeneralundecidablewhetheranarbitrary,e.g.,modified,BPELprogramisequivalenttoagivenbusiness-processmodel.However,incompleteformsofreasoningaboutmodelequivalencemakealotofsenseinmanyscenarios.Forex-ample,itmakessensetoreimportamodifiedBPELintoabusiness-processmodelingtoolandresorttoahumanexperttocompareitwiththeoriginal

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business-processmodelfromwhichitwasgenerated.ThiscanmakeiteasiertocommunicatechangesfromtheITlevelbacktothebusinessandtosupportbottom-upstepsinbusiness-drivendevelopmentthatrequiretheextractionofbusiness-processmodelsfromtheITlevel.

Inourmethodologicalwork,wedevelopdetailedmethodologyguidelinesthatshowhowmanualandautomaticstepsinterleave,whentheyaredoneandwhy.Aspecificinterestofusistheinterleavingofbottom-upandtop-downdevelopmentsteps,i.e.,theproblemofhowbusinessrequirementsflowdownandhowITrequirementsflowup.OneofthemostchallengingandimportanttasksthatneedstotakeplaceatthebusinessandtheITlevelisserviceandprocessidentification—findingtherightgranularityofservicesandthinkingaboutreuseveryearlyinthemodelingandsoftwaredevelopmentprocess.Today,thisstillisaquitepoorlyunderstoodstep,ratherthanawell-understoodandteachableskill.

Ourmethodologiesalsoaddressspecificquestionsthatresultfromtheuseofdifferentformsofmodels.Historically,businessprocesseshavemostlybeenrepresentedbyflowdiagrams.Today,thereisatrendtolinkthemwithbusi-nessobjects[20]andbusinessstatemachines[3].Thesemanticrelationshipbetweenthevariousformsofmodelsandtheirroleinbusiness-levelandpro-grammingmodelsareaveryinterestingandwidefieldforresearch.

Inoursecondstrandofresearch,weinvestigatefundamentalquestionsthatoccurinourmethodologiesandtooling,whichareoftennotspecifictobusiness-processmodels.Manyacademicsolutionshavebeendevelopedtodescribemodeltransformationsdeclaratively,e.g.,[17],buttheindustrialre-alityisusuallyplaincode.Tospeedupandimprovethequalityofourowntransformationdevelopment,wedevelopedamodeltransformationframeworkthatprovidesaconvenientAPItobusiness-processmodelsrepresentedinIBMWebSphereBusinessModelerandasetofelementarytransformationsforreuse.

Thetestingofourtransformationsstillisatedioustask,andcreatinginparticularthetestexamplesisahugeeffort.Theefficientgenerationofmodelinstancesthatcanbeinfluencedbymodeltransformationsisanotherproblemofinteresttous[6].Previousapproacheseitherrelyonexponentialmethods[13]orrequirescriptstobewritten[10].

Ourtransformationsoftencontainmanylinesofcodethatvalidatethesourceandtargetmodelsofthetransformations,i.e.,theycheckwhetherthemodeliseligibleforthetransformationandwhetherthetargetmodelthatwasproducedsatisfiesasetofgivendesignconstraints.Themanagementofthesevalidationanddesignconstraintsatthecodelevelcreatesahugesoftwaremaintenanceproblem,whichisevenaggravatedbythefactthatmodelsevolvefurtherwitheachnewversionofasoftwareproductandthattransformationsmustconsidernumerousdependenciesbetweenmodelsatthebusinessandITlevel[4].

Qualityassuranceformodelsisanotherfundamentalquestionthatisalso

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relatedtothemanagementofdesignconstraintsformodels.Thereseemstobeanintuitivefeelingofwhatconstitutesagoodmodelincontrasttoabadmodel,butsofarnoreallypracticalanduser-friendlysolutionstoimprovethequalityofprocessmodelsbyenforcingdesignconstraintsexist.Similarly,scalable(perhapsincomplete)algorithmstodetecttypicaldesignerrorsinprocessmodelsthatwouldleadtopoorruntimecodearenotyetpartofanybusiness-processmodelingtool.

Wearealsointerestedinalgorithmictechniquesthathelptoimprovethevisualizationoflargeprocessmodelsandthesearchcapabilitiesoftoolstofindmodelsinlargecollections[22].Finally,thesemantics,thedefinitionofnormalforms,andthedevelopmentofalgorithmsandtoolsthatallowustocompareprocessmodelswitheachother(betheygiveninthesameorindifferentmodelinglanguages)arealsoonourresearchagenda.

IBM’spolicyofbasingitsproductsontheopen-sourceEclipseplatformmakesitmucheasierforustoprototypeourtransformationsandtoolsaspluginsthatextendtheseproducts,tocooperatewithotherresearchteams,andtotestoutoursolutionsincustomerengagements.Nevertheless,muchworkremainstobedone.Workingwithmodelsinatoolisstillaheavy-weightundertakingtoday.Forexample,manyofourtransformations,whichphysicallyproduceanewmodel,canbethoughtofasviews,withaviewbeingatransformationthatisnotpersisted[9].However,generatingsuchviewsonmodels,maintainingthemandlettingtheuserfreelydecidewhethertheviewshouldbepersistedasanewmodelorupdateanexistingone,leadstomanytechnicalandtheoreticalchallengessuchasmaintainingtheconsistencyamongseveralrelatedmodels.

Apossiblevisionforthefutureofbusiness-drivendevelopmentcouldbeacompletefusionofprocessmodelandcode,insteadofkeepingphysicallydistinctplatform-independentandplatform-specificmodels.Themodelisthecode,inwhichgraphicalandtextualelementsarecombinedandaninitial(perhapsmostly)graphicalmodelisrefineduntilitbecomesexecutable.Re-finementandabstractionstepswillallowausertomovebetweendifferenteditionsofamodelandwillbesupportedbyquality-ensuringmethods.

4Summary

Thepaperpresentsanoverviewontheparadigmofbusiness-drivendevelop-mentthatcentersaroundbusinessprocessesandaimsatatighteralignmentoftheITinfrastructurewithbusinessneedsandrequirements.Wereviewthemainphasesinabusiness-drivendevelopmentcycleandthenfocusonchal-lengesthatarisefromtheneedtotransformbusiness-processmodelsintoexe-cutableserviceswithinaService-OrientedArchitecture.Wediscussamethod-ologythatdistinguishesbetweentheanalysismodelofabusinessprocessanditscorrespondingdesignmodelanddescribebottom-upandtop-downmodeltransformationsthatwedevelopedtofillgapsinthebusiness-drivendevel-10

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opmentcycle.Severalopenoronlypartiallysolvedresearchproblemsareidentifiedandpositionedwithinthebusiness-drivendevelopmentparadigm.

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