Lesson Two
Part One: Vocabularies(2)
21.constrain拘泥，限制/restrict 限制/limit
22.circumstance 环境（社会）/surroundings/environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台/settings后台，布景/context 上下文（文章中）
23.notorious 臭名昭著的/flagrant臭的> 30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term长期的 31.网恋：virtual love/cyber love 32.网友：on-line/net/cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/go on-line cyber café/网吧 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 33.evolve-evolution进化/revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/involve-involution 卷入，涉及 34. indicator/predictor表示诠释，预测 35.indicate/demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray 36.therapist/expert/specialist 37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/merit/virtue/length 38. commonest/frequent 39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/underdeveloped 40. 退化：degenerate/-tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/degrade->grade 等级/deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下 Part Two: Useful Phrases(1) 1.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly/There is no doubt that… 2.增进相互了解 enhance/promote mutual understanding Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 3.充分利用 make full use of/take advantage of 4.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure 5.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 6.更多地强调 put more emphasis on… 7.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society 8.实现梦想 realize one‟s dream/make one‟s dream come true Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 9. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows: 10. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with 11.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place 12. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore 13. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 14. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word 15.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go Part Three: Grammatical Point(2) 名词Nouns 知识要点： 一、名词的种类： 1、专有名词： 1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词） 2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People‟s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。） 2、普通名词 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 物质名词：water，rice，oil，paper…1）不可数名词 抽象名词：health，trouble，work，pleasure，honor… 注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如：have a wonderful time. 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。 如：fishes, newspapers, waters, | | | snows…… 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪 有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难 在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper…. 2）可数名词： 可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly. The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh. Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 有复数形式： a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略） b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)… 注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，a sheep, two sheep d）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,… e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means. f）形单实复：people (人民，人们)，the police, cattle等 g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are music lovers. h）复合名词变复数时，(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。 (b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人 (c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 二、名词的所有格： 1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“‟s”。如：Mike‟s bag, Children‟s Day, my brother‟s room, women‟s rights… 注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers‟ Day, the workers‟ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students‟ reading-room 2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“‟s”。如：her son-in-law‟s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else‟s book（其他任何人的书） 3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“‟s”； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“‟s”。 如：Jane and Helen‟s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill‟s and Tom‟s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有） 4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor‟s (裁缝铺) the doctor‟s (诊所) Mr Brown‟s (布朗先生的家) 5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“‟s”表所有格。 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 如：half an hour‟s walk (半小时的路程) China‟s agriculture (中国的农业) 2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book 3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如： the story of Dr Norman Bethune Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 4、“of词组+所有格”的用法： 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如： a friend of my father‟s 我父亲的一位朋友。 some inventions of Edison‟s 爱迪生的一些发明 those exercise-books of the students‟ 学生们的那些练习本。 Part Four: Samples of Mistakes(2) Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS （一） 悬垂修饰语（dangling modifiers） 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语和后面的短语逻辑关系不清，如： 1. At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 分析： 这句话“At the age of ten”只指出10岁时，但并没有指出谁10岁时，按照一般的推理不可能是“my grandfather”，如果我们 把这个悬垂修饰语改明确点，句子就不会引起别人误解了。 改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died. 2. To do well in college, good grades are essential. 分析： 句中不定式“To do well in college”逻辑主语不清。 改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades. （二） 词性误用（misuse of parts of speech） 词性误用通常表现为：介词当动词用，形容词当副词用，名词当动词用等，如： 1. None can negative the importance of money. Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 分析： Negative系形容词，误作动词使用。 改为：None can deny the importance of money. （三） 指代不清（ambiguous reference of pronouns） 指代不清主要指代词于被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后使用的代词不一致，如： 1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to become her bridesmaid. 分析： 读完上面这句话后，作者无法明确判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象明 确，意思就一目了然了。 改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to become her bridesmaid. 2. We can also know the society by serving it yourself. 分析： 句中代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。 改为：We can also know the society by serving it ourselves. Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS Part Five: Introduction to „Discussion‟ 与第一课里面的单观点论证不一样，本课讲的‘Discussion’属于对于题目里面出现的两个矛盾话题的分别讨论，然后根据自己在文章里面的侧重点，在最后得出结论的文章类型。这种文体允许在主体段落里面各自论述两个观点的正确性，或者也可以讨论一个正确，另一个错误。需要注意的是，这样的文体只能够在最后一段里面提出自己的观点，不可以在一开始就说出自己在想什么，以免对于主题的论述产生影响。 标志性文字： Some people think ………, while others believe ….. Discuss both sides of the views. Give reasons for both sides of the argument and your opinion. Discuss and give your opinion. 难度在于： 1.就题目给出的两个对立的观点，分别展开讨论，给出不同的论证，同时给出自己的观点 2.论证时要“留用余地”，以便引入自己的观点 结构构思： Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 传统的写作思路: 第一段引入话题，第二、三然段分别论证不同的观点，最后一段收尾， 特别提醒：这种文体在考试中属于比较常见的题型，希望大家对此在考试之前有所准备。 Part Six: Sample Analysis(2) Some people think that children should learn to compete, but others think that children should be taught to co-operate so that they could become more useful adults. State some reasons for both views and give your opinion. 写作思路： 1.对立观点：小孩应该学会竞争 论据 （1）要想孩子在将来社会中生存，必须从小就灌输竞争精神 Competition skills have to be instilled into the children from an early age if they are to merely survive in their future life. Instill 逐渐灌输 Instill sth into sb‟s mind Personal statement 个人陈诉 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS Since my childhood was filled with constant quarrels and fights, and symbolized by the eventual breakup of my parents, the concepts of independent learning and being responsible for oneself have been instilled into my mind at a very young age. Infuse: The arrival of the social network infused new energy and brought new momentum into the internet industry. （2）从小学开始就有了激烈的竞争，学生们互相竞争 Fierce competition starts from primary school 目的是进入著名的大学 Famous university, top university to enter a prestigious university later on. （3）竞争是我们进步背后的推动力量 it is the driving force behind all our progress 2. 对立观点：小孩应该学会合作 （1）要生存就必须要学会合作。没有人能够仅靠自身的才能取得学业成就 No one can solely rely on his own talents to achieve academic success. Solely 仅仅 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS （2）容易形成一种亲和力 They are more likely to establish rapport wherever they go. rapport 默契、和睦、亲和力 友谊 friendship 和睦 harmony 和睦 union The couple lived in unspoilt union. （3）为了共同的目标，互相帮助，在这过程中，人们还能够培养真诚的友谊。 By helping each other toward the same goal, people form genuine friendship. 真正的友谊：real, genuine, pure, sincere, authentic, legitimate 3.自己的观点：提倡互相合作，反对恶性竞争 Vicious competition should be avoided. 恶性竞争：cutthroat competition, negative competition, evil competition, unfair competition, 第一段： 目的：引入话题 Growing up in a world with ever-increasing population, many children are taught to compete with each other from their earliest memory so as to surpass others. Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 将话题引入竞争 动词ing形式充当伴随状语，达到“句式多变”的高分要求 尽管很多人赞成这种做法，但有些人表示怀疑。 普通版： Although many people agree with this view, others do not agree with it. Although many people hold this opinion, others are quite doubtful. 升华版： Although this practice is embraced by many, others remain unconvinced of its merits. embrace 拥抱、欣然接受 unconvinced 不信服的 merit 优点、价值 They insist that for children to achieve greater things in their adulthood they should learn how to cooperate with others. They insist that sb should do sth Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS Should可以省略，但是后面一定要加动词原形 They insisted that sb do sth. 而不是：They insisted that sb did sth. 第二段：就第一个观点“儿童应该学会竞争”展开论证 Those in favor of the „competition approach‟ argue that competition skills have to be instilled into the children from an early age if they are to merely survive in their future life. Those in favor of …. argue that … 引导对立面观点常用句型 Those in favor of online education argue that this is the most flexible way of learning available to them. Indeed, fierce competition starts from primary school where all students vie to get better grades in order to enter a prestigious university later on. vie 竞争 竞争：rival, compete, No country can rival China in the speed of economic development. Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS 特别提醒：尽量使用同义词来表达同样的内容，展示“词汇多样性” Fierce competition 激烈的竞争 Competition: cut-throat (凶狠的), intense （激烈的）, keen（强烈的）, serious（严重的）, severe（残酷的）, stiff（强烈的）, tough（严酷的） This is followed by constant pressure to outshine one‟s co-workers if career advancement is to be achieved. 超过 Excel, outshine, surpass Moreover, instead of being an unavoidable nuisance, competition should be embraced, for it is the driving force behind all our progress. Understandably, people tend to perform better when they strive to beat their opponents, which is the very reason why most athletes run faster in critical races than they do in their training. Strive: 力争、力求、拼尽全力去做 第三段：就第二个观点“儿童应该学会合作”展开论证 Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS On the other hand, opponents of this view also have their reasons. 引入对立观点的论述 To begin with, in order to survive and prosper, either at school or in society, cooperation is essential. No one can solely rely on his own talents to achieve academic success. In fact, many key factors that contribute to one‟s scholastic achievement such as the instruction from teachers and the exchange of ideas with classmates require cooperation and interpersonal skills. The need to work with and assist each other is also reflected in every organization, be it a company or a laboratory, where teamwork is a prerequisite for all job seekers. be it … or 不管是。。。还是。。。 Every country is contriving to safeguard its own interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity, be it a developing or developed country. Furthermore, if children are taught how to cooperate well with others, they are more likely to establish rapport wherever they go. By Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS helping each other toward the same goal, people form genuine friendship. Personally, I encourage kids to cooperate with each other. 全文中使用的引导句模式： Although this practice is embraced by many, others remain unconvinced of its merits. 指出对立观点的存在 Those in favor of …. argue that … 引导第一个对立观点 On the other hand, opponents of this view also have their reasons. 引导第二个对立观点 Personally, I …. 引出自己的个人观点 In a world where people become increasingly interdependent, it is imperative to teach our children how to work with rather than against each other. imperative 必要的、紧急的 可替换：necessary, compelling, crucial, critical, pressing, mandatory Part Seven: Structure as Reference(2) Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS Introduction Recent years have witnessed …………………（背景）， which has aroused a heated debate of whether …………….（把要讨论的话题引入进来） Views on this issue vary from person to person. From my point of view, before airing my own opinion, I do think it‟s necessary to analyze / explore this thorny issue from different angles / both sides of this thorny issue. Main body Those who ………………（正面观点）tend to present the following reasons. To begin with, …………… In addition, ……………….. What‟s more, ……………… ………..(尽量用不同的论证方法) However, other people may examine / explore this issue from another angle. For one thing, ……... For another thing, ……………. Furthermore, …………….. Conclusion In conclusion, although it‟s very difficult / hard to draw / come to / reach / arrive at an absolute conclusion to this issue, I would not hesitate to assent to the former / latter viewpoint because I‟m fully convinced that ……………………… Intermediate Writing 4th Term Sailing IELTS Part Eight: Assignment(2) Some people think museums should been enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. Others think the purpose of museums is to educate not to entertain. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容