一词多义的常用单词
Accept
释义:accept在普通英语中的含义是接受,这一点无须赘述。在法律英语accept也有两个最常用的意思:
①承诺,是合同法中的概念,与邀约offer相对应,如
A contract may be formed if an offer is accepted within the specified time and in the required manner。 如果在规定的时间并以特定的方式对一项邀约作出承诺,合同即可成立。 其他如revoke an acceptance(撤回承诺)等。 ②Accept承兑,经常出现在票据法中,如 The draft is accepted by the negotiating bank。 议付行对汇票进行了承兑。
Action
释义:action是法律英语中最常用的单词之一,它有两个意思: ①“诉讼”,相当于lawsuit,如Party A shall defend Party B in any action resulting from the infringement of the licensed intellectual property。 就与授权使用的知识产权相关的诉讼,甲方应当为乙方进行抗辩 其他的如file an action(提起诉讼),cause of action(诉因)等。 ②“作为”,与不作为(forbearance)对应,如
Any negligent conduct of Party A, whether it is action or forbearance, that resulted in loss of party B shall be deemed to be breach of this Contract。
甲方的任何疏忽行为,无论是作为还是不作为,只要引起乙方损失,即可是为甲方对本合同的违约。
Advise
释义:advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思: ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议,如
The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。 该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。 ②通知,相当于notify或inform,如
The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rights, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。
advise 表示“通知,告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利, 但是你最好通知你的朋友,野餐的日期有所改变,这种说法被认为是做作的。
Acknowledge
释义:acknowledge在法律英语中有两个常用意思:
① 承认,相当于admit,但其用法更加正式,一般不能用admit来替换,经常与confess连用,即acknowledge and confess,如:
The suspect acknowledged and confessed all his criminal activities to the court. 犯罪嫌疑人向法院承认了全部犯罪行为。 ②告知收到(书信)等
例句:Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effectively given on the date of personal delivery,provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.
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参考译文:在专人送达之日视为有效送达,但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。
Application
释义:application在法律英语中有两个常见意思: ① 申请,申请书,如:
This two-stage process can be combined by submitting to the MOC a signed technology import contract with an application for import permit.
上述两步程序也可合并进行,即向商务部提交已签署的技术引进协议和引进许可申请书。 ② 适用,实施,如:
The application of the arbitration rules of the Arbitration Institute in effect on the date of the signing of this Agreement is not subject to judicial review.
参考译文:仲裁庭适用本协议签署日有效的仲裁机构的仲裁规则时不受司法审查。
注:application的动词是apply,同样有两个意思,即①适用,实施 经常用在apply sth to sth结构中,如apply the relevant laws and regulations to the disputes between the parties 适用相关法律法规解决当事人之间的争议 ②申请,通常用在apply to sb for sth结构,如apply to the Ministry of Commerce for approval of the establishment of a joint venture. 向商务部申请批准成立合资企业。
Bond
释义:bond在法律英语中通常有两个含义:
①保证书、保函,即一方为保证履约行为而向对方出具的书面保证,如 The Seller requests the Buyer to provide a letter of bond 。 卖方要求买方出具一份保函。
②债券,通常指公司或政府发行的有担保的债券(Secured bond),也可以指泛指所有的债券,这个在前面的bond和debenture的区别中已经论述过,就无须多讲了。
Commission
释义:commission在法律英语中通常有四个常用意思:
①佣金,即佣金是在商业活动中,具有独立地位和经营资格的中间人的在商业活动中为他人提供服务所得到的报酬。如
He came to China to hold a talk about the commission for his new business。 他来中国是洽谈有关生意中的佣金问题。
②二是作为,用法与前面所说的action相通,但与omission(不作为相对),此处不再赘述。③三是表示委员会,如中国证监会,就是China Securities Regulatory Commission,中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会为China International Economic and Trade Arbitrary Commission。
④是表示委托,She has received many commissions to design public buildings。 她接受多项委托, 设计公共建筑。
Contribution
释义: contribution在法律英语中通常有两个意思:
① 出资,即中国公司法中所说的为了公司的设立而支付一定的金钱或实物。如
The Threshold for the contribution of a single-member company is RMB 100,000yuan,which shall paid in a lump sum.
一人有限责任公司的最低出资额是人民币10万元,并应当一次性缴纳。 ②分摊(额),通常用于共同侵权或共同保险中,每一责任人都根据自己的侵权行为或赔偿责任承担其
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应承担的份额。如
The right of contribution exists only in favor of a tortfeasor who has paid more than his pro rata share of the common liability, and his total recovery is limited to the amount paid by him in excess of his pro rata share. No tortfeasor is compelled to make contribution beyond his own pro rata share of the entire liability.
分摊请求权仅因某一共同侵权行人支付了超过其在共同责任中的按份份额时而产生,其可获赔偿的数额以其支付超过其按份份额为限。任何共同侵权人都不能够被强迫分摊超过其所占全部责任的按份份额
Deposit
释义:deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个:
①存款,这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思,既可作名词也可作动词,如 He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
People tend to deposit their idle money in the bank。人们喜欢把不用的钱存到银行。
②定金,保证金,相当于earnest money。根据中国的合同法,缴纳定金方违约的,定金不予返还,接收定金方违约的,应当双方返还定金。如
The shop undertook to keep the goods for me provided that I paid a deposit. 商店答应, 倘若我付定金就给我保留这批货。 不能替换的单词或词组
法律英语结构严谨,用词考究,逻辑严密,文体较其它体裁更为正式、刻板,较多地使用被动语态,这是由于法律本身的特质决定的。由于法律英语问题的庄重性,法律文书在单词选择上也有意选择一些非常正式的单词或词组进行表达,这些词在日常用语中很少使用,但在法律英语中出现频率非常高,且不能被普通英语中意思相同的词或词组代替。下面对我们在法律文书中经常遇到或使用的一些正式表达进行分析和比较。
Determine decide
分析:在作为“决定、确认”理解时,determine较decide更为正式,因此,法律英语中选用determine而不是decide来表达该含义。如
Where the price of the goods is not speicified in the contract, it shall be determined with reference to the fair market value of the similar commodity.
合同中没有明确货物价格的,应当根据类似商品的公平市场价格进行确定。
注意:decide也是法律英语中的一个单词,但一般表示决定或确定,而是判决、裁决。如: The court decided that the litigatin fee shall be borne by the losing party. 法官判决,诉讼费用由败诉方承担。
Due to because of 分析:due to 和because of 无论是在含义、词组结构还是用法上都是相同的,但due to 比because of 更为正式,因此,在法律英语中经常使用,且不能用because of 替换,如:
The contract was terminated due to changes in such unforeseeable circumstances as production and management conditions
合同因生产经营条件变化等不可预见的情况而解除。
Elect choose
分析:elect和choose都有“选择”的意思,但elect比choose含义更加庄重,因此,在合同等法律文件中,用elect来表示“选择”,而不用choose。
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Exclusive of excluding
分析:两个词组/单词都是由动词exclude衍变过来的,都是“不包括”的意思,作为法律英语中的常用语,我们通常选用exclusive of,而不是excluding,如
All Rates quoted herein are exclusive of tax and service charge
本报价中的所有费用均不包括税收和服务费。
However but
分析:however和but都是表示转折意义的单词,由于法律英语文体的庄重性,诸如if,but等单词在起草法律文书的过程中基本不用,而用意思相同但表达更为正式的however, provided that等。如:
Without probable cause, a police officer cannot search other persons who happen to be present at the scene of a search. However, if an officer has reason to suspect that an onlooker is also engaged in criminal activity, the officer might be able to “frisk” the onlooker for weapons.
警察没有正当理由不能对碰巧出现在搜查现场的人进行搜查。但是,如果警察有理由怀疑旁观者也参与了犯罪行为,则可以对其是否携带武器进行拍身搜查。
In accordance with according to
分析:两个词组都是从动词accord(如何)变化而来,而且意思也完全一样。但由于in accordance with 比according to用法更为正式,所以,在法律英语中用in accordance with,而不是according to,但可以用其他用法同样正式的词组如pursuant to, in pursuance with或as per替换。如:
A contract made in PRC may not be performed in accordance/pursuance with its related laws and regulations. 在中华人民共和国订立的合同不一定根据中华人民共和国的相关法律法规进行履行。
As of since
分析:as of和since在意义上没有什么区别,都表示从…….开始(表示时间),但法律英语中常常使用前者,即as of,很少或基本不用since。如:
As of September 11, Beijing will upgrade or ban more than 92,100 vehicles which failed to meet the city’s emission standard.
从9月11日起,北京准备改善92100多不符合该市排放标准的车辆或对其予以禁止。 This contract shall take effect as of the said date in the first page hereof. 本合同从自第一页载明的日期起生效。
Commence start
分析:commence 和start,都是动词,表示“开始”,但前者比后者更为正式,因此,在法律英语中也总是被选用。如
In any situation whatsoever and wheresoever occurring and whether existing or anticipated before commencement of or during the voyage, which in the judgment of the Carrier or the Master is likely to give rise to risk of capture, seizure, detention, damage, delay or disadvantage to or loss of the ship or any part of her cargo, or to make it unsafe, imprudent, or unlawful for any reason to commence or proceed on or continue the voyage or to enter or discharge the goods at the port of discharge, or to give rise to delay or difficulty in arriving, discharging at or leaving the port of discharge or the usual or agreed place of discharge in such port, the Carrier may before loading or before the commencement of the voyage, require the shipper or other person entitled thereto to take delivery of the goods at port of shipment and upon failure to do so, may warehouse the goods at the risk and expense of the goods; or the Carrier or the Master, whether or not proceeding toward or entering or attempting to enter the port of discharge or reaching or attempting to reach the usual place of discharge therein or
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attempting to discharge the goods there, may discharge the goods into depot, lazaretto, craft, or other place. 不论任何地方任何情况,不论是在开航前或航程中存在或预料到的,只要承运人或船长认为可能有导致捕获、扣押、没收、损害、延误或对船舶或其货物不利或产生灭失,或致使起航或续航或进港或在卸货港卸货不安全、不适当、或非法,或致使延误或难于抵达、卸载或离开卸货港或该港通常或约定的卸货地,承运人可在装货或开航前要求发货人或与货物权利有关的其他人在装货港口提回货物,如要求不果,可仓储货物,风险和费用算在货主头上;承运人或船长,不论是续航至或进入或企图进入卸货港,或抵达或企图抵达港口通常的卸货地,或企图在此卸货,也可将货物卸在仓库、检疫站、驳船,或其他地方。
Comply with abide by observe
分析:用来表示遵守的词和词组很多,我们大致列举出像follow, observe, abide by, comply with等。在前面这些词和词语中,comply with是最正式的一个表达,因此,也常常在法律英语中使用。从语法上来说,comply with 的主语通常是物,而其他几个单词或词组的主语通常为人。如
The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety regulations.
工厂由于未能遵守政府的安全条例而被关闭了。
Failure to comply with the regulations can result in a six month prison sentence. 如果不能遵从这些规则,可能会被判以6个月监禁。
Deem believe
分析:deem和believe都是“相信、视为”的意思,其中,deem是法律英语中常用的单词,且经常用作被动形式,即be deemed to do,如:
Silence or failure to give prompt notice of Party A within a reasonable period of time shall be deemed to be the consent of party A to the extension of the contract.
甲方在合理期间内保持沉默或没有及时发出通知,视为甲方同意对本合同的延续。
Intend to / wish to
分析:intend to 和wish to都可以表示希望或打算做什么事情,其中,wish to 经常用在口语花的表达中,如I wish to see you next year.而且,wish 还通常表示一个不太可能实现的愿望,因此,法律英语中不用wish来表示要做某事,而采用intend to do结构。如:
Where the parties do not intend to be bound until a formal contract is prepared and signed, there is no contract, and the circumstance that the parties do intend a formal contract to be drawn up is strong evidence to show that-they did not intend the previous negotiations to amount to an agreement.
如果在准备和签署正式合同以前,各方不愿意受到约束,则双方之间不存在合同关系。双方希望订立正式合同的情况是表明他们不希望把之前的磋商当做协议的有力证据。
In the event/in case that if
分析:in case/the event that 和if 都表示假设“如果”,但前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用,if则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。如:
During the term of this contract, in case that the borrower changes the pattern of management or the ownership construction by the means of contracting, leasing, pooling, transforming to stock company, establishing joint venture, separating, merger, foreign investment, transferring of ownership, resolving or any other action, the borrower shall seek the lender’s consent and ascertain the new source of repayment or provide new security. 合同期间,如果借方希望通过协议、租赁、联营、变更为股份有限责任公司、组建合资企业、分立、合并、对外投资、所有权转让、解散或其他行为改变经营方式或所有权结构,借方应当取得贷方的同意,并确定新的还款渠道或提供新的担保。
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Interim/ temporary
分析:两个含义都表示临时的、暂时的,但法律英语中一般用前者,即interim表示,而不用后者,如Shareholders’ Meetings shall consist of regular meetings and interim meetings. Regular Shareholders’ Meetings shall be convened once a year. 股东大会包括定期会议和临时会议,定期会议应当每年召开一次。
Notwithstanding/ though/although
分析:两者都表示尽管,用法与in the event that 和if类似,前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用,后者则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。如:
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth above, the Purchaser may deem that the Contract has been made and entered into if the Seller has started manufacturing of the Goods, delivery of any part of the Goods, or otherwise initiated the performance of any part of the Seller’s obligations under the purchase order. 尽管有前述相反之规定,如卖方已开始此订单项下货物的生产、发送货物的任一部分或开始履行卖方义务的任一部分,则买方可视为合同已签订。 常用法律英语单词及词组区别
有些单词从词性和平时的用法中都非常相似,但在法律英语中的含义区别很大,稍有不慎,就可能用错,应当特别注意。
Advanced payment/accelerated payment
区别:从字面上看,advance和accelerate提前、加快的意思,但Advanced payment和accelerated payment的区别却相差万里。前者通常指在买卖合同中,买方向卖方支付的预付款、垫付款,而后者则通常出现在贷款合同或协议中,贷款方向出借方主动或被迫加速提高还款频率、缩短贷款周期的一种方式,通常理解为加速还款。
Advice/opinion/proposal
区别:advice是向别人提出的建议或者忠告,opinion仅指自己的看法或者观点,而Proposal通常则为正式的议 案或提议,如legal advice指律师就是事实或法律问题向客户提供的建议,通常译为法律意见书,而Legal opinion则是指法官在判决时的观点,在英国也可以指律师给出的法律意见,因此也可译为法律意见书。Legal proposal 则是正式的法律法律议案,如a legal proposal to combat counterfeit medicines for human use(就打击人用假药提出的法律议案)。
Affect influence
区别:affect和influence都是影响,后者既可以作名词,也可以作动词,且在普通英语中是一个较为正式的用法。但在法律英语中,influence指的是在某些隐含意义(如劳动关系中),可腐蚀或压倒主观意愿的压力,如under influence(不正当影响)可以作为合同或民事法律关系撤销的理由。相对于influence,affect在法律英语中的应用非常广泛,暗指对人或物的削弱或不良影响,且不能以influence来替换,如受到不可抗力影响的一方,只能翻译成the party affected by Force Majeur event,而不能说成是 the party influenced by Force Majeur event。
Agent/proxy
区别:Agency 和proxy从字面意思看,都有代理人的意思,但二者隐含的意思区别很大。Agent通常指的是商业和经济活动方面的代理,本人给于Agent是一个许可(license),如sole and exclusive agent(独家代理)。而proxy则是则侧重于代表,亦即在本人无法参与某一活动时,proxy代表本人参与,并严格按照本人的授权进行活动,proxy at the shareholder’s general meeting(参与股东大会的代表)。无论是代理人还是代表通
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常都需要取得本人的授权委托书(Power of attorney)。
Agreement/contract
区别:agreement译为协议,contract译为合同,传统上认为合同是有约束力的协议,协议的范围要大于合同,且可以不必具备合同的所有必备条款。但现在法律实务中,已经很少再把agreement和contract进行区分,agreement的条款可以非常的详尽完备,如股权转让协议(equity transfer agreement),而为金额不大的交易所起草的合同也可以非常简洁。简而言之,现代法律实务中,起草合同时,既可以用agreement,也可以用contract。
Assign/delegate/transfer/conveyance
区别:这几个单词从字面上看都有转让的意思,但assign转让的主要是权利,delegate转让的主要是义务,而transfer则可以泛指指权利、义务及其他财产的转让。现代的英文合同中,对这几个单词已经没有过去那么严格的区分,在表达转让的意思时,多数会用transfer。如Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. (任何一方未经事先书面批准,不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方)。而convey和上述三个单词的区别比较明显,主要指不动产的转让。
Attorney/Lawyer
区别: attorney或attorney-at-law是一些国家如日本和美国等对律师的正式称谓,在英国则是指不出庭的初级律师。而lawyer则是对学习法律的人的统称,如法学教授及学习法律的学生、律师都可以用lawyer称呼。因此,如此,要精确表达律师的概念,最好用attorney。应当注意attorney-in-fact这个单词,它指的不是律师,而是在商业或法律活动中取得授权的代理人,相当于proxy或agent。
Authority/authorization/power/right
区别:authority指权威、影响,authorization指授权,power指权力,而right指的是权利。几个单词的区别比较明显。表达一个人有权做事,如果强调的是他的地位带来的权力,通常用power,如果是法律或者契约等赋予的权利,则用right,如果指做某事需要别人的同意或许可,则需选用authorization。法律实务中,这几个单词同时出现的几率比较多。如Party A represents that it has the authority, authorization, power and right to execute this Agreement. 甲方就拥有签署本协议的权威、授权、权力和权利。
Avoid/repeal
区别:二者都可以指“撤销、使无效”,二者的区别主要在于使用对象的不同,avoid撤销的对象主要是合同、协议,而repea是书面用词,其撤销的对象往往是指撤销立法机关通过的协议、 法案或法律等。
Award/judgment /ruling /verdict/
区别:award通常指仲裁庭的裁决,judgment指法院根据实体法作出的判决,ruling是法院根据程序法作出的裁定,而verdict则是英美法律制度中特有的由陪审团作出的裁决。另外,表示法院的命令时,可以用decree,表示法院的判决或裁定时也可以用decision。因此,说the court decides/holds that的时候不能理解成法院认为….,而是法院裁决或判决……。
Appraise/assess
区别:appraise指评价、评估、估值,既可以评测事物的价值,也可以评估其作用及能力等其他状况,通常可以用evaluate替换,如appraisal report和evaluation report都可以指评估报告。而assess则侧重于计算某一事物的价值,确定其最终金额,如assess the value of the house.
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Approval/consent/permit
区别:approval侧重于批准,通常适用于政府部门授予的许可,consent则表示赞同,同意,permit一般指的是许可证书。法律文书,特别是在合同中,为了周密、完整,通常会用采用三个词连用的形式。如Party A has obtained all consents,approvals and permits necessary for the valid execution and delivery of this Contract. 甲方已为有效签署和交付本合同的(所有合同和文件),获得所有必要的同意、批准和许可。
Acquire/consolidation/Merger
区别:在企业并购日趋频繁的今天,这三个单词在法律文书中尤其是合同中可以说是频频出现,如我们常见到的M&A(并购),即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。但三个词的侧重点各有不同,acquire强调购买,即以购买等继受方式取得财产的所有权和控制权,其同义词是take over (名词为takeover)。而consolidation和merger都是合并的意思,前者的意思是两个或两个以上的公司合并,重新设立一个新的公司,合并各方解散,新设公司承担解散各方的债务,并接管各方的财产,相当于我国《公司法》上的“新设合并”,而merger是指一个公司吸收其他公司,导致其他公司丧失法人资格,吸收方承担被吸收方债务,并取得被吸收方的资产和各种权力,相当于我国《公司法》上的“吸收合并”。
Argument/controversy/debate/dispute
区别:argument指争吵、吵架,controversy指公开的争论,犹指学科或信仰中的分歧,在宪法中也可指具体的争议事项;debate则强调通过辩论的方式进行探讨,dispute指主要指诉讼中产生的争端、争议。因此,在法律英语中几乎不会用到argument和debate,可以根据具体情形,选用controversy或dispute,如合同中的争议解决,就要用dispute settlement或dispute resolution。
Asset/ property
区别:二者都可以作为资产、财产理解,都可以包括动产、不动产,有形资产和无形资产。但asset主要侧重于可以动用的资源,property则侧重于表达对财产的所有和支配的权利。因此,在选词时,如果着重表达可以用资产支付或者购买,则用asset,且通常为复数形式,如There are not much assets left of the company after its liquidation。公司清算后,资产已经所剩无几了。如果这种表达对财产的占有、转让、租赁、抵押等权利,则用property。如copyright is one of the most important tangible properties owned by the commercial entities. 著作权是商业实体拥有的最重要的无形资产之一。另外,动产和不动产通常为personal property 和real property,或movable and immovable property,无形资产和有形资产为tangible and intangible property。
Bankrupt/insolvent
区别:在法律英语中,二者都可以指破产,资不抵债,但insolvent只能指公司等单位破产,不能指个人破产,而bankrupt既可以指公司等单位破产,也可以指个人破产,如He was declared bankrupt three week ago(他三个月前就被宣布破产了)。
Bond/debenture
区别:在法律英语中,二者都是债券,但bond指的是公司发行的有债务人的某项财产做担保的债券,也称Mortgage Bond(抵押债券),而debenture通常指公司等发行的没有担保的债券,即信用债券,也可以称为debt debenture。现在中国国内市场上发行的公司债券绝大部分为担保债权,因此,现在看到的词也多用bond,如corporate bond(公司债券)。
Breach/ infringe/violation
区别:三者都可以用在法律英语中,表达违反、侵犯的意思,但breach通常用于表示违反合同、协议等,
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如breach of contract (违约),infringe主要用于表达侵犯他人的人身或知识产权等无形资产,如infringe the intellectual property,violate的程度最重,常用语表示严重侵犯他人的权利或违反法律法规等,如violate the criminal law (违反刑法规定)。
Branch/ subsidiary
区别:branch在法律英语中通常用作分支,指公司或其他单位的分支机构,通常翻译为分公司,即法律意义上没有独立人格,需要母公司授权以母公司名义进行活动并由母公司承担后果的机构,而subsidiary则是指公司的子公司,即有独立人格,可以自己名义从事民事行为并由自己的独立财产承担法律后果的公司。因此,这两个单词的含义区别很大,使用的时候一定要慎重。但与这两个单词相对应的表达“母公司”或“总公司”,都可以用parent company表示。
Building/Premise
区别:building 和premise都可以用在法律英语中,表示大楼、建筑。Building 主要指具体建筑,如the building is used as a department store. (这座大楼被用作开百货商店)。Premise则侧重于表达某个场所,而不是具体的房屋,如Party A shall deliver the goods at the premise of Party B. (甲方应当在乙方所在处交付货物)。
Carry out/enforce/execute/implement
区别:这些单词和词组都是平时出现频率比较高的,而且都有执行完成之意。其中carry out是最常用的一个,如执行命令/任务/规定,可以说carry out an/a order/task/rule等。Enforce本身即含有依靠强制力执行的含义,故多用在此类表达需要的场合,如执行法律,enforce the law。而execute在法律英语尤其是合同中,通常用作“签署”的意思,相当于sign,较少用作执行。比如, The contract is executed on December 12, 2008,应当理解为“本合同签订于2008年12月12日。有时,execute也可以用来表示履行合同等场合,如in the course of the execution of the contract(在合同履行过程中),因此,要决定execute在法律英语中的含义,还要联系上下文的意思。Implement含有贯彻执行、执行到底的意思,因此,一般表到任务的圆满完成或政策等的贯彻执行时,用implement,如implement the policy(执行政策)。
Client/customer
区别:client和customer都可以指顾客、客户,有时会混用,因此,实践中也容易被混淆。Client是指存在委托关系的客户,通常指我们通常所指的委托人或当事人。而customer通常指商业交易中所指的客户,亦即我们所说的消费者。因此,法律英语中在表达“当事人、委托人”含义的时候,只能用client,不能用customer替换。
Company/Corporation
区别:这两个单词在法律英语中出现的频率都很高,只不过company是英国常用来表达公司的词,而美国表示公司时,corporation出现的频率比较高,我们常见的有限责任公司的缩写Co. Ltd.中,Co. 即是Corporation的缩写,而company在美国通常表示规模中等及以下的公司。不过,对于这两个词的使用,现在也没有非常严格的区别,一般可以替换,但在特定的场合中,由于习惯,一些说法已为大家所默认,此时不能替换,如limited liability company (LLC),一般不能说成limited liability corporation。
Compensate/Indemnify
区别:从字面上看,两个单词都有补偿、赔偿的意思,compensate指的是对别人付出的劳动或者损失给与相应的报酬或弥补。而indemnify是为他人的行为所造成的损失进行赔偿或实质恢复原状的行为,如甲方不能清偿所欠乙方的债务而由丙方支付,即是丙方indemnify了乙方。从这个意义来说,compensate使用的范围更广,是indemnify的上位概念。
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Damage/harm/injury
区别:damage是指非法侵害他人的人身、财产等合法权益所形成损失或伤害。Harm侧重于行为可能带来的坏处,在法律英语中几乎不会出现。Injury则泛指所有行为带来的人身和财产上的伤害、损害,尤其指对健康和名誉的损害,是damage的上位概念。因此,两者一般可以替换,如damage/injury to reputation/person(对名誉和人身的损害)。
Damage/damages
区别:前面已经说过,damage是指非法侵害他人的人身、财产等合法权益所形成损失或伤害,既可以作名词也可以做动词。damages从形式上看,是由单词damage变化而来,但damages并不是基金的复数形式,而是表示损害赔偿金,表示一笔金钱,而不是损害,这一点一定要注意。
Bankrupt/insolvent
区别:在法律英语中,二者都可以指破产,资不抵债,但insolvent只能指公司等单位破产,不能指个人破产,而bankrupt既可以指公司等单位破产,也可以指个人破产,如He was declared bankrupt three week ago(他三个月前就被宣布破产了)。
Bond/debenture
区别:在法律英语中,二者都是债券,但bond指的是公司发行的有债务人的某项财产做担保的债券,也称Mortgage Bond(抵押债券),而debenture通常指公司等发行的没有担保的债券,即信用债券,也可以称为debt debenture。现在中国国内市场上发行的公司债券绝大部分为担保债权,因此,现在看到的词也多用bond,如corporate bond(公司债券)。
Breach/ infringe/violation
区别:三者都可以用在法律英语中,表达违反、侵犯的意思,但breach通常用于表示违反合同、协议等,如breach of contract (违约),infringe主要用于表达侵犯他人的人身或知识产权等无形资产,如infringe the intellectual property,violate的程度最重,常用语表示严重侵犯他人的权利或违反法律法规等,如violate the criminal law (违反刑法规定)。
Branch/ subsidiary
区别:branch在法律英语中通常用作分支,指公司或其他单位的分支机构,通常翻译为分公司,即法律意义上没有独立人格,需要母公司授权以母公司名义进行活动并由母公司承担后果的机构,而subsidiary则是指公司的子公司,即有独立人格,可以自己名义从事民事行为并由自己的独立财产承担法律后果的公司。因此,这两个单词的含义区别很大,使用的时候一定要慎重。但与这两个单词相对应的表达“母公司”或“总公司”,都可以用parent company表示。
Building/Premise 区别:building 和premise都可以用在法律英语中,表示大楼、建筑。Building 主要指具体建筑,如the building is used as a department store. (这座大楼被用作开百货商店)。Premise则侧重于表达某个场所,而不是具体的房屋,如Party A shall deliver the goods at the premise of Party B. (甲方应当在乙方所在处交付货物)。 同时出现的常用单词或词组
法律英语的另一个显著特点是严谨,因此,法学家尤其是律师为了起草文件的周全、严密,防止法院对己方作出不利于自己的解释,常常会在起草文件过程中采用大量的同义词或同义词组。下面这些同义词组是经常在法律文件中出现使用频率较高的。
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alter /change
分析:两个的意思都是变更、改变,作为同义词组使用,如:
Neither party may alter and change any part of this agreement without the prior written approval of the other party.
任何一方未经另一方的事前书面同意不得对本协议的任何部分做修改或变动。
authorize/ empower
分析:两者的意思都是授权、给与权力,作为同义词组经常同时出现,如:
Party A hereby authorizes and empowers party B to participate in the action on behalf of Party A which shall be valid till such authorization expires or otherwise is withdrawn or terminated by Party A,as the case may be. 甲方谨授权乙方代表甲方参与诉讼,该授权在授权期限届满或被甲方撤回或终止之前(视情况而定)持续有效。
bind /obligate
分析:bind和obligate应该说是近义词,前者指约束,后者指具体负有什么样的义务,二者经常同时出现,表示“使…有义务做”,如:
Both Parties hereto hereby agree willingly to bind and obligate themselves to act and perform as follows. 双方在此同意受本协议约束,执行以下条款….。
convey, transfer, and set over
分析: convey通常指房地产的让渡,transfer是转让,set over也是转让的 意思,三者同时出现,Upon the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein (including Section 6.6), on the Closing Date, Sellers will sell, convey and transfer, or will cause to be sold, conveyed and transferred to Purchaser, and Purchaser will purchase and acquire, the Assets, free and clear of all Liens, except Permitted Liens.
Cost expense/ charge
分析:all the cost, expense and charges related to the provision of service by Party B to Party A in accordance with the instructions of Party A shall be borne by Party A, notwithstanding the fact the Party B advance the said payment.
covenant / agree
分析:AAA Co. and BBB each covenant and agree that, during the period from the date of this Agreement until this Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms, unless CCC shall otherwise agree in writing, except as required by law or as otherwise expressly permitted or specifically contemplated by this Agreement: (a) each of AAA Co. and BBB and their respective subsidiaries will not take any actions which would or might be reasonably expected to materially impede or otherwise frustrate the completion of the Offer
deem / consider
分析:Subject to all the terms and conditions set forth in TOS, you may use This Service. KLab shall deem and consider that you have entirely and completely assented and agreed to be bound by all the terms and conditions set forth in TOS at that time you used This Service by accessing This Site. 1-3 Respective guidelines and rules established by KLab (hereinafter collectively called “Other TOS”) are incorporated by reference into the TOS, and you shall be subject to all the terms and conditions set forth in TOS as well as Other TOS.
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due/ owing 分析:”Class A Indebtedness” means all and any sums now or hereafter due and owing by the Borrower to the Guarantor by way of subrogation, set-off, counterclaim or otherwise against the Borrower in respect of any payment made by the Guarantor under the Guarantee, provided that such Class A Indebtedness shall not exceed _________($,_________)
each/ every
Where application is being made for the registration of a trade union, the rules of the trade union shall be sent to the Registrar, in the manner prescribed by regulations, at the same time as the application for registration. (b) When the Registrar is satisfied that– (i) such rules have been duly made; (ii) such rules make adequate provision for each and all of the matters specified in Schedule 2;
Any and all of which will be entitled to invoke such terms and conditions on their behalf and enforce such terms and conditions against you.
它们之中的任何一方及所有各方均有权作为其代表援引该条款与条件并对您执行该条款与条件。
final / conclusive
The Applicant shall provide the board of the Stock Exchange (the “Board”) with such
information as the Board may require for dealing with its application. The decision of the Board in respect of an application for a Stock Exchange Trading Right shall be final and conclusive.
Fit / proper
昨日会议开始不久,即讨论到条例,指常任秘书长可以校董人选并非「fit and proper」(适合及适当)为理由拒绝为其注册;
Force / effect
All licenses or agreements listed in Schedule 2.8(b) (the “Certain IP Agreements”) are in full force and effect and to the best knowledge of the Company there is no default by any party thereto. True and complete copies of all Certain IP Agreements, and any amendments thereto, have been made available to the Purchasers, and to the best knowledge of the Company, the licensors under the Certain IP Agreements to which the Company is granted rights, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, have all requisite power and authority to grant the rights purported to be conferred thereby. None of the products manufactured and sold, nor any process or know-how used, by the Company under the Certain IP Agreements infringes or is alleged to infringe any patent, trademark, service mark, trade name, copyright or other proprietary right or is a derivative work based on the work of any other person.
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