中考英语作文命题及写作探究
熊淑玫
摘要：本文论述关于中考英语作文命题及写作探究。主要是通过分析近几年黄冈市中考作文真题，以及评分标准来研究作文命题导向，同时对九年级学生在写作上给予一定的建议和指导；并提供了一些近几年的一些话题作文进行学习和探讨。
关键字：标准评析，真题探究，命题趋势，热点范文，写作指导
一、引言
伴随着近年来中考英语试题不断地改革更新，让考生更有针对性的复习，如何让考生尽可能多得分是老师们一直在思考的问题。中考英语的基础部分只要学生基础扎实，一般拿分没多大问题。如今，令大部分学生头疼的问题是作文。那么如何能让学生在中考中英语拿高分呢？那么就需要老师在平时命题时多下些功夫，尽量贴近学生生活，改作文时多以中考标准严格要求学生。
二、分析
首先让我们一起来看看近几年的中考英语作文真题。
2010年作文题目：
Write at least 80 words about the topic \"I always meet some problems in my
study …\"
2011年作文题目：
Write at least 80 words about the topic “How to learn English well\"
2012年作文题目：
Write at least 80 words about the topic “Shopping on line \"
2013年作文题目：
Write at least 80 words about the topic “Helping others \"
可以看出中考的英语作文其实难度并不大。命题都是与学生自身相关，为的是让学生有话可说。但是学生往往得不到高分，到底我们该如何去拿分呢？从以上题目可以看出，中考作文的写作思路通常为：what—why—how.评卷主要从内容、结构、文采三个角度给予评分。学生在写作文时，最好能够根据提示进行书写以得内容分，另外，注意连接词的使用以得结构分，同时注意遣词造句以得文采分。让同学们更能感受到如何去写一篇优秀作文呢？
对于写好一篇作文来说我们首先要注意的就是要了解作文的评分标准，先划档次：
第一档9~10分 按题目要求能完整描述所给信息，行文流畅、通顺，符合语言逻辑，没有语法错误；书写工整卷面清晰。
第二档7~8分，按题目要求，能描述所给信息；没有明显语法错误；书写工整，卷面清晰。
第三档4~6分，按题目要求，能描述一定的信息；出现少量的语法错误和拼写错误，书写一般。
第四档0~3分，按题目要求语言信息描述不全，或不能反映试题要求；较多处出现语法错误或单词拼写错误；字迹潦草，卷面不清。
然后再仔细批阅看有否语法错误然后再仔细批阅看有否语法错误然后再仔细批阅看有否语法错误然后再仔细批阅看有否语法错误最后给出总分，通过以上作文得分技巧看，中学英语作文可以分三层，先提出自己的观点，然后写出为什么这么做，最后写出我会怎么做。
全文立意好，贴近实际，可行性强。从语法来看，没犯语法错误；从结构来看，用了
but、so、after、though等连接词使行文更加流畅；从文采上看，文章多处用了从句，用到了形容词的比较级等。整篇文章简洁、让人读起朗朗上口，是一篇很值得借鉴的文章。
三、探究
近几年比较偏向于命题作文，它是依据所给题目确定中心选择材料写出符合题意内容表达具体、充分的文章。写命题作文通常要注意以下几点：
一、审准题目文章的中心要对题目的分析来确定一定要弄清主题的内涵确立与文章联
系的主题思想表达不能游离于主题否则即使内容再精彩也是跑题作文得分将会大打折扣因此写命题作文最重要的是先审清题目确立要表现的中心。二、构思结构就是开放思路启动联想构想表现形式勾勒出文章的结构层次依次写出引言段主题句发展段和结尾句努力使之新颖别致。三、选择材料这一点很重要一定要围绕想表现的中心去选择组织材料所选的材料必须典型精要。四、表达就是用最确切明了的语言贯穿材料表达自己的思想力争用符合英语语法规则。英语表达习惯最顺畅自然的词句段去表达中心思想与表现中心无关的话即使再生动形象也不要去写。
纵观历年英语作文的命题方向，九年级老师预测未来中考英语作文的三大命题趋势：一是与自我相关；二是与生活相关；三是题目以两种辩证观点的形式出现。为此，笔者给各位初中生一些写作建议：
一是多看，通过阅读优秀作文或每次考试后老师提供的优秀范文进行写作素材的积累。阅读的作文最好是与命题趋势相一致；二是多积累好词好句，今年作文增加的分值主要是在文采上，因此，对好词好句的积累就显得尤为重要；例如：“Where there is a will, there is a way .（有志者，事竟成。）”等一些简单的谚语，还有多用一些复合从句，或是It’s + adj.+ for/of sb. + to do sth.，结尾用些反义疑问句等比较特殊又简单实用的句型会使文章更体现语言功底。三是多练，俗话说：“Practice makes perfect.”学生应该通过书面练习去应用已积累的好词好句和对文章进行谋篇布局；四是坚持，众所周知，写作的提高是一个长期的过程，所以要想提高，是需要经过一个蜕变的过程，只有坚持，才能真正的提高。
同时我们要注意纠正学生英语写作的几个误区：一是构思准备不充分，匆忙下笔；二是中心重点不突出，切题不准确，动笔前没认真审题和思考；三是忽视中英文文化差异，表达Chinglish化；四是忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写等细节，无谓失分。
另外，对于近几年的热点话题和贴近学生生活的素材提供几篇优秀作文，以供探讨：
（一）有关留守儿童（当今社会现象）
如今，在我们身边，父母均在外打工的留守儿童比比皆是。关注留守儿童，构建和谐社会的重要内容。关注留守儿童，要靠全社会的共同努力。你认为留守儿童面临的主要问题有那些？为了解决留守儿童的问题，请你向当地政府提建议：提示：1.缺乏父母的关爱，性格孤僻，学习压力大、自卑。2.缺乏安全保障（家庭照管不力，容易犯错误甚至犯罪）。建议：1.学校建立留守儿童心里咨询室，老师应该把爱播撒到每一个留守儿童的心田。2.政府利用节假日建立留守儿童家长学校。 3.社会各界开展与留守儿童一帮一结对子的活动。4.父母尽可能回到孩子身边，给孩子生活上和学习上的帮助和关爱。
Dear Mayor:
I'm a middle school student. I'm writing to tell you something around us. Nowadays, there are many left-behind children whose parents work away from their hometowns. Most of them are from the countryside, you know, they have many problems. They are always lonely and stressed out because they are short of their parents' love（因为他们缺乏父母的关爱，性格孤僻，学习压力大） At the same time, they are easy to make mistakes even do some thing against the laws, because they're short of their families' care.（同是，由于缺乏家庭的关爱，他们容易犯错误甚至犯罪）。 How to solve their problems? In my eyes, the government can set up a parents 'school for these children on holidays, you can organize\" hand-in-hand\" activity to call on more people to help them. You can also raise money to donate to these children. As the song says :\"If everyone gives their
love, the world will be better.\"（就你一首歌里唱到的：只要人人都献上一片爱，世界将变成更美好的人间＂） It's very important for us to pay more attention to these children if we want to build a harmonious society（建立一个和谐的社会）.
Best wishes to you!
Sincerely,
Li Hua
（二）保护环境（全球关注问题）
今天环境变得越来越糟糕,环境问题影响着人们的工作,学习,生活等,而我们的工作,生活,生产等又使环境污染越来越严重......,如何保护我们的环境?请以“ How to protect/save our environment/world? ”为题写一篇短文。
提示:存在问题:1.水污染越来越严重 2.砍伐森林严重 3. 大气污染严重 4. 白色垃圾等。要求：如何改善/保护环境?至少:3---4个方面， 80字左右。
How to protect/save our environment/world?
The environmental pollution is worse and worse /more and more seriously today. Water is polluted, we have no clean water to drink. Many trees are being cut down, some animals are getting less and less. Some factories are pouring dirty
air in the sky , the population is increasing faster and faster ,resources are getting less and less…etc. Not only does it affect our lives and health, it also has a great affection in the future. People’s health has been greatly affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many people died of diseases. In order to live a better life, we need protect our world.
We shouldn't throw away rubbish everywhere. We should recycle ,reduce and reuse things .Don’t waste things ,This saves money and reduces pollution. Use things for as long as possible. We don’t use plastic bags . We must plant more trees and stop the people cutting them .We hope our world is more and more beautiful.
（三）校园生活介绍（贴近学生生活）
My School life
My name is Beth. I'm 14 years old, and I study in No. 1 Middle School of Hangzhou. My school is very big and beautiful. I'm very happy in the school. I usually get up at 6:15 in the morning. Then I do morning exercises in the playground. At 6:40, I have my breakfast. You can see many students and teachers in the dinning room. After breakfast, I often read English with my classmates. We have six classes every day. The first class begins at 7:50 am. I like all the classes for my teachers can make the classes lively and interesting. My favorite subject is English, so I join English Corner every week. I can speak English with many other students there. It's very interesting and exciting. I think it's helpful for me to
learn English well. After class, I always play games with my friends. We play soccer ball, basketball, volleyball, ping-pong and so on. They are very relaxing.I like my lessons, my friends and my teachers. In a word, I love my school. I find my school life more and more meaningful and colorful. My school life is wonderful, isn't it?
（四）关于中学生使用手机（辩证观点的话题作文）
Dear Editor,
Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students. Some students think that it is easy to use them to keep in touch with parents and classmates. Also, they can be used to listen to music or take photos. But others think that we don’t need to talk with parents and classmates with mobile phones, because we meet them every day. And mobile phones may influence our study. In my opinion, it’s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way.
Yours truly,
Wang Lin
（五）与父母相处的话题（书信格式）
这类作文难度较大，掌握基本句式，背诵范文非常必要。 假如你是Han Mei, 下面是一封你的笔友Alice 给你发来的e-mail,请你根据e-mail 的内容给她写一封回信，与她交流看法，并帮她排忧解难。 提示词语：listen to, mother's love, care about, communicate with, get along with, smile 写作要求：1.语句通顺，书写工整；2.可用所给提示词语，也可以适当发挥；3.词数在80左右
Dear Han Mei,
I'm afraid I've got a big problem recently. My mother talks too much to me. She always tells me, \"Be careful while crossing the street.\" \"Put on more clothes.\" \"Did you do a good job at school?\" and so on. I'm annoyed(烦恼)。What shall I do?
Alice
例文：
Dear Alice,
As a teenager, I met the same problem as you. But now I can get along better with my mother. Here are some ideas for you.
Your mother talks much, because she cares about you. Maybe it's not a good way, but it shows your mother's love. So I think you should listen to her. If your opinions are different from your mother's, you can communicate with her, and tell her what you are thinking about.
If your mother doesn't take your advice, just keep silent and give her a smile. I hope what I say here can help you a lot.
Yours Han Mei
（六）“中国梦” （日记格式）
最近，你们班召开了以“我的中国梦”为主题的班会活动。请写一篇日记，记述班会情况及自己的感受。内容要点如下：1.每位同学都畅谈了自己对中国梦的理解;2.你谈到了自己的梦想;3.如何实现自己的梦想。注意：1.总词数不少于100。2.不可逐条翻译。3.开头已给出，不计入总词数。
April 8 Monday Fine
Recently we had a class meeting on the topic of My Chinese Dream....
参考范文：
April 8 Monday Fine
Recently we had a class meeting on the topic of My Chinese Dream. Inspired by(受启发)President Xi’s Chinese Dream, everyone talked enthusiastically about his understanding of the Chinese Dream. We all believe that this dream will come
true in the future. I also talked about my own dream. I have always wanted to be (想成为)a doctor. Not only(不仅) can doctors save people’s lives but also they are doing a respectable(值得尊敬的) job. Doctors can also help people to live a better life with their professional knowledge(专业知识).To realize my dream, I must try to work hard from no won. I must learn as much as I can so that I can get into a good medical college, where I can prepare myself adequately(充分) for the job of a doctor. Only in this way can I accomplish my goal.
（七） 如何做一个懂礼貌的中学生（关注礼貌问题）
How to be a polite student
Being polite is a good tradition in our country. Nobody likes a person who is impolite. It 's important for us to be polite. We should be a polite student.
As a polite student, we shouldn't talk at class. If we have questions, we should put up our hands. We also shouldn’t speak loudly during the break. And I think it’s impolite to be late for class. When someone is in trouble, we shouldn’t laugh at them. We should often say “please”，“thank you”.
If everyone is polite to others, the world will be more and more beautiful.
（八）关于帮助他人（2013年中考相关作文）
Helping Others
Friends, Have you ever accepted any help from others? And have you ever offered a help to others? I know you may say “Yes.” Indeed we often get help from others around us. For example, if we are carrying a heavy box walking in the street, we may need someone to give us a hand. While taking a bus for work, we usually see an old granny standing beside us. Then we'll give up our seats to her. To some degree, helping others is equal to helping ourselves. There are lots of people who was need helping. We can help others when their have really troubles. Some we can help， but others we can't. In fact, they are only lazy and make other people doing something they need to do .If someone ask for you help to have a job, you will make he talk why he need the job at first. And remember: In fact, helping others is a pleasure! Everyone should like to do something to help people in need. however, we need to know why he ask for help, and help him to help himself. Meanwhile, helping others is a pleasure! I would like to do something to help people in need.It is saying that \"A friend in need is a friend indeed. （患难见真情。）\"
（九）网上购物（2012年中考相关作文）
Shopping Online
With the help of the Internet, shopping is not a difficult job. Just click your mouse to choose the article you like, and the shopping is finished. You needn't step out of the room. It seems easy and quick. But there's always a trap（陷阱） online. If you are careless, it will bring you some trouble. You may find the color of the article is different from what you want, or the size is either too small or too big.
If you want to be different, you'd better not buy clothes online. Once you put on the clothes you bought online and go out, you will find many people wear the same clothes in the street. So you must be careful, because everything has two sides.
（十）如何学好英语（2011年中考相关作文）
How to learn English well
English is important and useful to use. How can we learn it well? Here are my suggestions. There are four key points to study English: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in English. Secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of English programs as much as possible. Thirdly, we should often read English books. When we come across a new word .We should guess its meaning through the contest first. Then look it up in the dictionary to have a check. Fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. As long as we listen, speak, read and write more, we are sure to make remarkable progress!
四、结语
笔者认为写作试题的命题要突破按要点连词成句、连句成篇的桎梏，要留给初中学生足够的发挥空间，着重考查他们谋篇布局、段落意识、连贯性意识和语用能力。只有这样，才能突出作文试题的层次和积极的导向作用，能帮助学生毫不畏惧、得心应手的写好任何一篇作文。另外学生在写作时首先要认真审题，把审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式和字数
方面；其次确定文体和时态；然后列提纲、打草稿；最后要注意书写规范、卷面整洁。只要教师不但加强中考作文命题的研讨和写作指导，学生的写作能力就一定会得到全面提升。
参考文献：
1.《谈黄冈地区近几年来中考英语有关试题的命题启示》
（http://www.doc88.com/p-933700764200.html）
2.《2012湖北省黄冈市中考英语试题作文及范文》
（http://www.hjenglish.com/englishwriting/p406113_7/）
3.《中考英语作文命题趋势》
（http://wenku.baidu.com/view/8e513b7df46527d3240ce0c3.html）
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