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语法专项复习—— 副词
一、副词的基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句，用来描述某事完成的方式、时间、地点以及频率等。
二、副词的分类
常见的副词有时间副词(yesterday,tomorrow,now 等)、地点副词( here, everywhere, outside等)、频度副词( always, often,never 等)、方式副词(carefully, politely, fast
等)、疑问副词(how,when, why 等)、连接副词(however, then, therefore等)、程度副词( much, little, extremely 等)。它们在句中的用法和位置也各不相同。
三、副词的位置
1.在实义动词之前。例如：I usually go to school by bus.
2.修饰形容词、副词、介词短语，一般前置。 例如：Today is quite cold.（形容词前）
3.在 be 动词，助动词之后。
例如：He has already had breakfast, but he still feels hungry.
4.多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词之后。
注意：
(1)大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 例如：
He always does his homework carefully.
I can hear very clearly a strange noise coming from downstairs.
(2)方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。
例如：
She works very hard. He speaks English well.
(3) 副词 enough 应放在所修饰的形容词后。 例如：
He is old enough to eat himself.
四、副词的排列顺序
1.时间、地点副词，小单位在前，大单位在后。
例如：The party will begin at seven o’clock tomorrow evening.
2.多个不同副词排列，程度副词 + 地点副词 + 方式副词 + 时间副词。
3.方式副词排列顺序是，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。 例如：
My mother told me to clean the room cleanly and carefully.
注意：
通常不用 very 来修饰动词。
例如：
I like very much English.（错误） I like English very much.（正确）
五、副词的构成
大多数副词都是由“形容词 ＋ 后缀 -ly”构成的。 例如：slowly, cleanly, wonderfully 等。
形容词变副词一般遵循以下规则：
1.在形容词词尾直接加 -ly。例如: real→really helpful→helpfully careful→carefully
2.以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词要变 y 为 i，然后再加 -ly。 例如:
busy→busily lucky→luckily happy→happily
3.以元音字母加 e 结尾的单词，去 e 加 -ly。 例如: true→truly
4.以 le 结尾的单词，直接将 e 变为 y。 例如：terrible→terribly gentle→gently
六、兼有两种形式的副词
1. late 与 lately
late 意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。 例如：
I arrived at school late yesterday morning. Where have you been lately?
2. deep 与 deeply
deep 意思是“深的”，表示空间深度；deeply 时常表示感情上的深度, “深深地”。 例如：
The boy hid the toy deep into the hole so that no one could find it.
I was deeply moved by the movie.
3. high 与 highly
high 表示空间高度；highly 表示程度，相当于 much 。 例如：
The bird was flying high in the sky.
His teacher thinks highly of his performance.
4. wide 与 widely
wide 表示空间宽度；widely 意思是“广泛地”、 “在许多地方”。
例如：The dentist told
the little girl to open her mouth wide. English is widely spoken in the world.
5. close 与 closely
close 意思是“近的”；closely意思是“仔细地”。
例如：The little boy is sitting close to his father. As soon as he came into the room, he watched everyone closely.
6. free 和 freely
free 的意思是“免费的”；freely 意思是“无限制地”。 例如：Everyone can eat free in this restaurant today. Nowadays, most people can travel freely to some countries.
七、副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1.副词的比较级、最高级的构成规则通常和形容词比较级、最高级的构成规则一样。不同的是，形容词最高级前通常要加 the，但副词最高级前可加可不加。
例
如
：
The teacher praised those who worked
(the) hardest.
2.形容词原级、比较级、最高级的几种句型结构同样适用于副词。
例如：
(1) Jim runs as fast as me.
(2) Mike studies more carefully than his brother. (3) My aunt cooks (the) best in our family. (4) The better I know her, the more I like her. (5) Who sings (the) best, Lucy, Sandy or Ann?
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