语法第五讲

一、冠词：a / an the

1. a“u” ; an “f h l m n r s x ” 2. 零冠词：①3×4=12 三餐 四季 12个月

②节假日、星期、球队类 ：Teachers’ Day ; Women’s Day

Sunday ; football; volleyball

③固定词组中：go to school ; at noon ; at night = in the

night

二、动词分类：动词在句中作谓语：分系、助、情（不能单独作）和实义动词四

类

㈠、系动词：本身有一定意义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与名、代、动名词等一起构成复合谓语，即系表结构：be+ ，连系动词类型如下： 1、表状态：be(是) seem（似乎） keep（保持） stay

①I am a student . ②Your answer seems all right. ③Keeps quiet ,please. ④We must keep healthy.

2、表感官的：feel look（看起来） sound（听起来） smell taste

（一般不与将来时一起用，且主动形式表被动意义） ①The cake tastes nice . ②He looks tired.

③Flowers smell sweet. ④The idea sounds good. ⑤I feed hungry.

3、表变化的：become（成为） grow（成长） get（长短） turn（颜色） go（坏）

①He became a doctor two year ago. ②The children grow fast(形) ③The meat goes bad.

④When autumn comes the leaves will turn yellow. ⑤When spring comes the days will get longer.

☆1、注意以上系动词中只有be为真正的系动词，其它为实义动词用作系动词，是假系动词，因为变为疑问句、否定句，不能直接在其后加not或移至句首。 2、be 也可作为助动词作用：区别

系：+名、代、动名词等

be 助动词+ ①v-ing(现在系词)：构成进行时 ②p.p (过去系词)构成被动

① He is a student.(系表)

② We are watching a game.（现在进行时）

③ The cars are produced in Shanghai.（被动语态） ㈡、实义动词（行为动词）：有实在的意义，表动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓

语，从能否跟宾语上可分为：及物与不及物，从发生时间的长短上可分为：短暂与延续.

1、不及物动词A：S+V(vi)+„„句型，其主动形式表被含义与系动词同

①He studies hard。 ②/ Ice-cream sells well in summer. B: Vi+介≈Vt : get to = arrive in/ at = reach

C:既可作及物也可作不及物其意思不同：leave, leave for;

send „to ;send for

① They will send a doctor to the countryside ② They will send for a doctor. 2、及物动词：A：S + Vt + O （单宾语） ①He teaches English in our school.

B: S + Vt + O（人：间接宾语） + O（物：直接宾语） (双宾语) ①Please pass me that book. = Please pass that book to me. ②He bought me a pen. = He bought a pen for me. give show pass bring send write等+sth to sb buy teach get make cook等+ sth for sb

C: S+ Vt + O + Oc(宾语补足语) ① to do sth

复合宾语 ②do sth (省to 使役感官动词)

③doing sth（正在做） ④ p. p (已完成或被动)

① I head the boy sing every day.

② The teacher asks us to be strict with ourselves. ③ I saw him playing football this time yesterday. ④ I found the ground covered with the fallen leaves.

㈢、情态动词，本身有一定意义但不完整，必须与其后的动词原形一起构成谓语 有：can may must need dare等 1、can：能；① Can I help you ? 2、May:可以；① May I come in ? Yes, please. No, you can’t /mustn’t . 3、Must:必须；① Must I finish the work ? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.

☆:1、mustn’t:单独用表：“绝对禁止，千万不能”。①You mustn’t lend the

book to the others.

2、表推测：may be (可能是) must be ; can’t be (不可能) 3、must; have to ; can与 be able to 二选一 4、needn’t do sth(情)： need to do sth(实义动词) dare not do sth(情): dare to do sth(实义动词)

① You needn’t say it again. You don’t need to say is again. ② He dare not do that. He doesn’t dare to do that. ㈣、助动词，本身无义，在句中帮助构成各种句型、时态、语态、语气等结构 1、do / does 一般现在时 Do you go to school every day?

Does he go to school every day?

2、did 一般过去时： Did he /you play computer yesterday? 3、be (am is are) + V-- ing :现在进行时

Is he watching TV now? 4. Was / were + V-- ing: 过去进行时：Was he doing shopping last night?

5.Will / shall + V :一般将来时，① They will come back tomorrow. ② Shall we go for a picnic next week?

6. would/ should + V 过去将来时：

① He said he would come the next day.

7.have / has + p.p：现在完成时：①He has finished his housework 8、had + p.p:过去完成时：①He said he had been to Beijing before. 9、be + p.p ：被动语态：①The stamps are used for sending letters. ②He was made to clean the classroom ③ The work must be finished at one.

☆：注意：1、do/does did 既可作助动词，也可作实义动词，区别：在句

首及not前的为助动词

① Do（助） you do（实） some shopping on Sundays? ② He does（助） not do his homework at school. ③ Did（助） he do（实） his homework last night?

2、have /has ① +名（表“有”）/have a pen / have not a pen. ②+名：构成固定词组，作为实义动词，如： have a rest/meeting/a good time, have breakfast/lunch/

supper

They have a good time on Sundays

They didn’t have breakfast yesterday ③have/has + p p:（助动词：构成完成时） He has(助) had (实) breakfast already

3、have 的特殊用法： have s.b do s.th 让某人做„

have s.th done (p.p)：请某人做„

①The teacher had him clean the house last night.

②My watch doesn’t work, I’ll have it repaired/mended. 4、had better do sth ：最好做„„“why not do„„ not do sth ①.We (You ,he )had better go to see a doctor Why not go to see a doctor

②.He had better not go there with as, had he? ③.The house had better be cleaned.(被动形式)

三、动词的形式：为原形、三单、现在分词，过去式，过去分词五种 1、原形：用于一般现在时及情和一些助动词之后

① We play football every day.

② He will go to Shanghai tomorrow. ③ He can swim.

④ Did / Does he do his housework?

2、三单形式，用于一般现在时， 主语为三单形式，构成如下 ① V: + s: plays

V--S= ② V – es :watches does goes

③ y = ies: carries

④ have=has ① He goes to school by bike. ② Kate has a pen.

③ Does he go to school by bike? ④ Does Kate have a pen? 3、现在分词：用于各种进行时 ① V + ing: playing

V-ing ② 去e + ing writing 辅元辅e

④ 双写：+ ing : putting beginning forgetting preferring 辅辅元辅 put

④ ie = ying : tie die lie = lying lying dying

① He is writing a novel now.

② He was lying in bed at this time yesterday.

4、过去式：用于一般过去时

① V +ed: played

A.规则 V –ed ② y = ied carry= carried

③ 双写 + ed preferred

B：不规则：P256-258 第三册，不规则动词表

① He played football yesterday

② They preferred to stay at home rather than have classes yesterday. 5、p.p（过去分词）：构成同过去式，用于各种完成时态和被动语态 ① I have finished the work already. ② He has had lunch.

③ He said he had seen the film before. ④ The car is made in Shanghai.