一 Historical Background 二 Terms’ Definitions 三 Introduction 1 John Dryden 2 John Bunyan 3 Jonathan Swift 4 Alexander Pope 5 Daniel Defoe 6 Thomas Gray 7 Robert Burns 8 William Blake
1640 summon Parliament召集议会
1641 drew up the “Grand Remonstrance” (tyrannical rule) 1642 civil war内战 broke out
1649 beheaded, commonwealth联邦共和国 1653 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector君主保护者
1660 The Restoration of King Charles II (The monarchy was restored.) 1685 James II succeeded his brother. (Catholicism天主教) 1688 The Glorious Revolution光荣革命 (The Bill of Rights)
constitutional monarchy君主立宪政体
The political power of the middle class was firmly established.中产阶级的力量建立 At home Movement of Enclosures农场运动 Abroad slave trade黑奴贸易
vast expansion of British colonies殖民主义
So, towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist资本主义 country in the world.
Neoclassicism新古典主义
“In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement 启蒙运动brought a revival复兴，苏醒 of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.” “According to the Neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek古希腊 and Roman罗马 writers and those of the contemporary同一代的 French ones.” “They believed that the artistic ideals… its service to humanity.” 1. Poetry
Poetry should be lyrical抒情的, epical史诗的, didactic教诲的, satiric讽刺的 or dramatic戏剧的. (John Dryden, Alexander Pope) 2. Novel modern English novel (Daniel Defoe)
3. Shift classic literary tradition--- originality, imagination graveyard school preromantic poets 一 John Dryden约翰·德莱顿 poet playwright literary critic文学评论家 one of the leading writers in the Restoration period “Age of Dryden” Poetry political poet
heroic couplet英雄双韵体
a verse form widely adopted by the poets of the 18th century Poet Laureate桂冠 of England
Drama All for Love Catering迎the interests of the audience during the Restoration Literary criticism He was called the father of English criticism. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
二 John Bunyan约翰.班扬 Puritan writer
Puritans清教徒 & Protestants新教徒
The Pilgrim’s Progress朝圣者的天路历程It is written in the form of allegory象征. Allegory象征
It is a story with a second distinct明显的 meaning partially hidden behind its literal字面的 meaning. Comments
1. Bunyan knew the Bible圣经inside out and absorbed its spirit well. The Pilgrim’s Progress is in fact a very through interpretation of the Bible and of the Christian spirit基督教精神 through allegorical images.
2. The most well-known and loved section in the book is “Vanity Fair”. It became famous also because William Makepeace Thackeray later used this section title to name his most successful novel. 3. The Pilgrim’s Progress has been a book owned by almost every family in England for two following centuries
三 Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特
Irish most outstanding prose writer and satirist散文家讽刺作家 Satirical Works
The Battle of the Books书的战争 A Tale of a Tub 桶的故事 Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记 “A Modest谦虚的 Proposal” Essay 散文,随笔
It is a bitter satire讽刺 on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people. Swift in this article suggested to the Irish people that the best way to end their misery was to produce children and sell them at market as a delicious dish for the rich. Gulliver’s Travels 格列弗游记
satirical allegory讽刺寓言 tells big events purpose criticizing contemporary reality.
四 Alexander Pope 亚历山大.波普 Poet Satirist讽刺作家 Master of language
In the age of Alexander Pope（1700-1744）, the classical spirit in English literature reached its highest point.
Publication 1、 An Essay on Criticism批评论 (in heroic couplet) 2. The Rape of the Lock 卷发遇劫记 3. The Dunciad 群愚史诗 Comment
He succeeded Chaucer and Dryden in bringing heroic couplet to its perfection. TEM 8 Practice
1 The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of (1688.) 2 In the Restoration Period, drama revived mainly because ___.
A. Charles II and his court brought back with them a taste for drama B. there appeared many good playwrights C. the new bourgeois class liked drama
D. it was a reaction against the suppression of drama performance by the Puritan government
3 Of the four speakers in his Of Dramtick Poesie John Dryden speaks through the character called ____.
Eugenius Crites Lisideius Neander 4 The Pilgrim’s Progress is a(n) ____.D allegory
fairy tale religious document realistic novel allegory
5 In first part of Gulliver's Travels格列夫游记, Gulliver told his experience in _A__. ALilliput B Brobdingnag C Houyhnhnm D La Puta The novel consists four travels, arranged in four books.
Adventures in Lilliput (country of tiny men) Brobdingnag (country of giants) La Puta (Flying Island) Houyhnhnm (country of the horses) 6 Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest ___ work in English literature. Realistic satiric romantic poetic
7 The Dunciad 群愚史诗 is generally considered to be Pope’s best ___ work. Praising fabulous传说 satiric Allegorical 象征
8 In the _(18th)__ century, England is known as the Age of Enlightenment启蒙时代 or the Age of Reason.
9 As one of the greatest masters of English prose, Jonathan Swift defined a good style as “proper words in proper places”.
10 As a representative of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism 理性主义to England.
11 The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for B. spiritual salvation
12 ____ satirizes the foolish, meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the 18th century.
An Essay on Criticism The Dunciad The Rape of the Lock An Essay on
五 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 pioneering novelist 小说家先驱
Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记 祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏。 Misfortune may be a blessing in disguise掩饰,掩盖 Comment on Defoe (Page 88)
“first successful English novel” ； “one of the originators of realistic fiction” 六 Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Graveyard Poet 牧园诗人 Graveyard Poetry 牧园诗人
This term is applied to a minor but influential 18th-century tradition of meditative poems 冥想诗on morality and immortality.
best-known is Thomas Gray’s “Elegy挽歌 in a Country Churchyard教堂院子”. These melancholy poems 忧郁诗constitute组成 a significant current of preromanticism.前浪漫主义 Elegy哀歌，挽歌
Elegy refers to a poem of mourning哀悼, usually over the death of an individual. on the nature of death.死亡的本质 It is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn 庄严的 or melancholy in tone忧郁的语气. In Britain, many elegies involve the theme of death. 七 Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 Scottish苏格兰 poet
Burns wrote poems and songs in the Scottish dialect方言 and in the tradition of Scottish folk songs当地民歌.
They are short and lyrical and melodious悦耳的 A red, red rose
He is regarded as a voice of the Scottish common people and an important poet of 八 William Blake 威廉.布莱克 Poet
Two Collections Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Two contrary相反的 states of human soul
The former expresses the poet’s delight in life, while the latter is sad and gloomy. The Tyger
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forest of the night What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
13 Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the ___ of the day. A. romantic poetry B sentimental poetry伤感诗 C religious poetry D modern poetry
14 In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ___. A. aristocratic class 贵族阶级 B enterprising landlords
C rising bourgeoisie 资产阶级的上升 D hard-working people
15 The enlighteners启蒙者claimed that ___ should be the only and the final cause of any human thought and activities.
A. Equality B science C love D reason理性
16 The British bourgeois资产阶级 or middle class believed in the following notions EXCEPT( ).
A. self-esteem自尊 B. self-reliance
C. self-restraint自我约束
D. hard work
17 Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁 has been regarded by some as ___, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.
A. Best Writer of the English novel B. Founder of the English novel
C. the most gifted writer of the English novel D. conventional writer of the English novel
18 Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁 adopted “___” to relate a story in his novel in which the author becomes the “all-knowing God”. A. the first-person narration B. the epistolary form 书信形式 C. the picaresque form
D. the third-person narration epistolary novel书信体小说
It refers to linking up some letters and writing the story-form novel. British writer Samuel Richardson’s epistolary novel Pamela caused readers’ frantic reading in Europe. It has become one kind of fiction form in the 18th century. 19 ___ compiled A Dictionary of the English Language, which became the foundations of all the subsequent English dictionaries. A. Ben Jonson
B. Samuel Johnson C. Alexander Pope D. John Dryden
20 Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare? A. She Stoops to Conquer B. The Rivals
C. The School for Scandal造谣学校(在上流社会高尚、雅致的表面背后是普遍的伪善和道德
坠落。剧中没有令人生厌的道德说教和粗秽语言，对话讽刺尖刻又诙谐机智) D. The Conscious Lovers
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