说明文阅读
（2014江苏）C
Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.
Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.
Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of ensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face
of the anger-inspiring situation.
61. The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________.
A. usually has a biological basis C. is socially and culturally shaped
B. varies among people
D. influences one’s thinking and evaluation
62. What changes can be found in an angry brain? ZXXK A. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted. B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. C. Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour. D. Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition. 63. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?
A. Approaching the source of anger. C. Moving away from what is disliked.
B. Trying to control what is disliked. D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.
64. What is the key message of the last paragraph?
A. How anger differs from other emotions. B. How anger relates to other emotions. C. Behavioural responses to anger.
61. C
D. Behavioural patterns of anger.
62. B 63. A 64. D
（2013江苏）C
If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减
压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums,
looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
61. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends? A. A twisted body.
B. A gradual decrease in blood supply. C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. D. A drop in blood pressure.
62. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ______. A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends B. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression C. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies D. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
63. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______. A. confirmed his assumption C. disagreed with his assumption
B. speeded up his research process D. changed his research objectives
64. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______. A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression means B. gradually developed measures against the bends C. died out because of large sharks and crocodiles D. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it
61. A
62. B
(2012江苏)B
63. C
64. A
Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland. It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. The country's fanners are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place. National agricultural census (普查) figures show that the fastest-growing group of fanners is the part over 65. Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.
Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture. Aside from trying to stop the graying of .America's farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of \"useless\" college degrees. Top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country. “There couldn't be anything that's more incorrect,\" Merrigan said. \"We know that there aren't enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agriculture.
In addition, a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said.
“I truly believe we're at a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows,\" said Matt Rush, director of the Texas Farm Bureau. \"Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture. \"
The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. The National Young Farmers' Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.
Ryan Best, president of Future Fanners of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. Never before have we had the innovations ( 创新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,” he said. “there’s really a place for everybody to fit in.”
59. What is the new challenge to American agriculture? A. Fewer and older farmers. B. Higher fuel prices. C. More natural disasters. D. Lower agricultural output. 60.Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the country? A. To draw federal agriculture officials' attention. B. To select qualified agriculture graduates. C. To clarify a recent blog posting.
D. To talk more students into farming careers
61. According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because__________. A. the government will cover production costs B. global food supplies will be even lower C. investment in agriculture will be profitable D. America will increase its food export
62. What do the underlined words \"to turn around the statistics\" in the last paragraph mean? A. To re-analyze the result of the national census.
B. C. D. To increase agricultural production.
To bring down the average age of farmers. To invest more in agriculture.
【考点】科技类—说明文
【文章大意】本文是一篇科技文，主要介绍了美国在农业方面临农民人数少，年龄偏大的问题，同时还缺少专业大学生从事农业生产。该怎么样解决这个问题。 59.【答案】A
【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“The country’s farmers are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place”可知，A项正确。 【难度】一般 60.【答案】D
【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中“…is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture”可知，D项正确。 【难度】一般 61.【答案】C
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows”可推断Matt Rush认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。 【难度】一般 62.【答案】C
【试题解析】句意理解题。根据最后一段第二句中“…this is a new time in agriculture —will motivate the next generation…”可推断此处表示的是“农业的新时机将会激励下一代来参与，即农民的平均年龄将会年轻化”，故C项正确。 【难度】一般 【长难句解析】
1.Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland.
本句是see sb. / sth. doing sth.的复合结构。
2. Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture. 本句是介词短语in hope of doing sth. 希望……。
3. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. 本句是his message 的同位语从句
4. Never before have we had the innovations ( 创新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,”
本句never 否定词放在句首，后面用部分倒装，the innovations的定语从句，which是关系代词。
(2012江苏)C
Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR,近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.
The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds(化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.
So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
63. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?
A. Temperature change. B. NIR light. C. Acidity change. D. UV light. 64. Why in ONB unsatisfactory?
A. It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release. C. It has not come onto the market up till now.
D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.
65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?
A. Protected B. formed 【考点】日常生活类—说明文
【文章大意】。本文围绕“怎样使用胶囊，让我们生病吃药更加安全、而且疗效好”这个主题展开研究，来展开话题的。 63.【答案】B
【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light on the drug in the capsule.”可知，应选B项。 【难度】一般 64.【答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“…ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown”和“…and it could be poisonous to cells…”可知，应选D项。 【难度】较难 65.【答案】C
【试题解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed…”可知此处用exposed，即C项正确。 【难度】一般 【长难句解析】
1. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that
begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外线) or visible light.
本句是polymers (聚合物) and other materials的定语从句， when 引导的时间状语从句。 2. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer.
Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature
本句是called动词过去分词做后置定语，修饰a long chain of compounds. 后面是reactive(易反应的) components的定语从句
（2011江苏）C
C. exposed
D. combined
According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway,however,could help put them anywhere.
The project, called Hywind,is the world’s first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机).Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see picture),a technology Hywind’s creator,the Norwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.Hywind’s stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.
To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )
Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all
existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface to one of the best low-carbon power sources available.
63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _______. A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor B. the spar which is floating in deep-sea water C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface
64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting ____________.
A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top C. at sea level D. behind the blades
65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can ____________. A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills B. make financial profits by producing more turbines C. settle the arguments about environmental problems D. explore low-carbon power resources available at sea
(2011江苏)C
本篇是一篇科普类说明文，介绍了风力涡轮发电，这基本切中了当下最受关注的话题——新能源和可持续。体现了时代的潮流，跟B篇谋篇一致，话题新颖信息量足，题目并不难。
63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _______.
A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor B. the spar which is floating in deep-sea water
C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface 细节题。 根据题干定位到原文第二段倒数第二句。从”Hywind’s stability in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power”得出答案B为正确。
64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting ____________.
A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top C. at sea level D. behind the blades 细节题。 根据题干定位到原文第三段最后，得出答案C是正确的。
65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can ____________. A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills B. make financial profits by producing more turbines
C. settle the arguments about environmental problems D. explore low-carbon power resources available at sea
推断题。根据文章最后一句，可以推断出这种项目的成功运行将会促进低碳能源的发展，从而得出D选项是正确的。
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