Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire 52. A. contrary
B. seek C. lose
D. dislike
D. extreme
B. expectation B. for example B. inside B. assessing
C. degree C. however C. below
53. A. vice versa 54. A. outside 55. A. replacing 56. A. refer
D. otherwise
D. above
C. managing C. object
D. encouraging
D. apply
B. contribute B. practice
57. A. agreement 58. A. bossy
C. election
D. impression
D. male
B. experienced B. training
C. western
59. A. asking 60. A. doubling 61. A. honored
C. warning C. reducing C. crowded
D. firing D. estimating D. compared D. occasionally D. ensure
D. on-the-scene
B. maintaining B. left
62. A. economically B. traditionally 63. A. deny
B. admit
C. inadequately C. assume
64. A. virtual 65. A. opinion
B. ineffective B. risk
C. day-to-day
C. performance D. attractiveness
【文章大意】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。
51.D 考查上下文串联。根据后半句…will do anything to avoid it可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做
任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
52.A 考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme
走向极端；在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为
如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。 54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知这属于专制的管理
方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。 55.C考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词manage管理”，不同
的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B考查动词短语辨析。短语 refer to 提到，谈到；contributeto做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply
to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
57.A 考查上下文串联。名词agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象；
亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
58.D 考查上下文串联。根据前半句“....women will become more effective managers than men....”
可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...鼓励员
工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管
理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。 61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with
挤满；be compared with与.……相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；
occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是
一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。 64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene
现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion 观点；risk冒险；performance 表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them\"可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。 【名师点睛】
本篇完形填空对于上下文串联及词汇的复现进行了集中考查，占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。
如本文57题考查上下文串联。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A项名词“agreement同意、协议”正确。
2015年高考试题议论文类
【2015·广东】
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live — if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead
of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted. 1. A. designed B. selected 2. A. completely
B. generally
C. improved
D. discovered D. extremely D. separately D. desperately D. happier
C. apparently C. endlessly
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly 4. A. eventually 5. A. busier
B. hopelessly B. longer
C. automatically C. richer
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting 7. A. stress B. damage 8. A. survive B. enjoy 9. A. problems
D. dividing
D. failure D. value D. diseases D. quiet
C. decline
C. remember
B. fears
C. worries
10. A. poor B. young 11. A. changes B. recovery
C. sick
C. safety D. increases
D. choices D. movement
D. permission
12. A. dreams B. chances 13. A. mind B. appearance 14. A. protection
C. strengths C. voice
B. suggestions
C. contributions
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
【文章大意】这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1.A 考查动词及语境的理解。句意：大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120岁。
designed设计；selected选择，挑选；improved提高，改善；discovered发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁，故应选A。
2.D考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命-如果他非常的健康和幸
运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110岁。故选D。
3.C 考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境的再生。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly
无害地；endlessly 无止境的；separately 分离地，分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生，因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选C。
4.A 考查副词及语境的理解。句意：他们（细胞）慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually
最终；hopelessly 没有希望地；automatically 自动地；desperately绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。
5.B 考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：尽管我们不能永久的活着，我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier 更
忙的；longer 更长的；richer 更富有的；happier更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。
6.D 考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing完成；
guiding 指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D。
7.C 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。stress
压力，压迫；damage损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C。
8.A考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；
enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选A。
9.D考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。
problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选D。
10.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因
为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去。故选B。 11.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。
changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。
12.B考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机
会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。
13.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然
积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A。
14.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection
保护；suggestions建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C。
15.D考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound
听起来；appear好像；出现；turn转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。
【名师点睛】这篇短文是一篇议论文，讨论了人类寿命增加这个话题，主要考查学生名词、形容词、动词、副词等实词在具体语言环境下的使用和词义辨析，同时考查学生的语篇理解的能力。学生要在理解短文大意的基础上，对每个题目中设置的选项进行辨析，同时还需要注意上下文的暗示，选出最符合文意的一项。
2014年高考试题议论文类
【2014·广东卷】完形填空
Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 4 . On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.
The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions.
Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 14 their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 15 each other that problems between parents and children can be settled. 1.A. natural
B. strong B. argument
C. guilty
C. link
D. similar D.knowledge
2.A. interest
3.A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked
4.A. homework 5.A. washing 6.A. approaches 7.A. complex 8.A. later
B. housework C. problem D. research B. using
C. dropping
D. replacing
B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes B. popular B. deliberately B. taste
C. scientific D. successful C. seldom
D. thoroughly
D. nature
9.A. behavior 10.A. failures 11.A. defend
C. future
B. changes B. delay
C. consequences D. thrills C. repeat C. friendship
C. attach
D. reconsider D. trust D. talk
12.A. communication B. bond 13.A. reply 14.A. hate
B. attend
B. scold C. frighten D. stop
15.A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。讨论了家长和孩子如何相处的问题。一味的责备会使得亲情疏远。父母也应该倾听孩子的心里话。沟通是一个双向的过程。做一个聪明的善解人意的家长更受孩子的欢迎。 1.D 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。父母觉得很难与青少年生活。然后青少年也有和父母相似的感受，
说和他们一起生活不容易。此处natural自然的；strong强壮的；guity犯罪的；similar 相似的。 根据空前、空后的提示可知，父母和孩子有着相似的感觉。故选D。
2.B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。根据最近的一项研究，父母与青少年之间的最常见的争吵是关于邋逼
和每日的例行任务。此处interest兴趣；argumet争论，争吵；link联系；nowledge知识。根据下文可知，因为父母不满意孩子不能保持自己房间的干净、整齐、卫生而发生争吵。故选B。 3.C 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。 根据：扔在地板上的衣服，可知房间很凌乱。 此处noisy喧闹
的；crowded拥挤的；messy杂乱的；locked上锁的。故选C。
4.B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。凌乱的房间，扔在地板上的衣服等这些都是家务方面的事。此处
homework作业；housework家务；problem难题；research 研究，调查。故选B。
5.C 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。另一方面，青少年认为父母因为仅仅是把浴室里的毛巾掉在地上等
一些小事而责怪他们而不耐烦。 此处washing 洗；using 使用；dropping 落下；replacing 更换，替代。drop the towel 把毛巾掉在地上。故选C。
6.A 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。圣乔治大学的研究表明不同的父母对这些问题有不同的方法。此处
approaches 方法，途径；contributions 贡献；introductions 介绍，入门；attitudes 态度；看法。下一句有approaches一词。故选A。
7.D 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。然而，一些方法比其他人的更成功。 此处 complex 复杂的；
popular 受欢迎的；scientific 科学的；successful成功的。接下来列举了一些成功的父母的做法。故选D。
8.A 考查副词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，父母先因为孩子邋遢而大吼大叫，后来又为他们收拾房间。
此处later后来；deliberately故意地； seldom很少；thoroughly彻底。这样的父母我们生活中不少见。故选A。
9.A 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，那些因为孩子邋遢而大吼大叫但是后来又为他们房间打扫的
的父母有更少的机会改变他们孩子的行为。此处behavior行为；taste味道；future未来；nature自然。孩子不改变行为是因为父母责备了他们然后又帮他们收拾使孩子认为被批评了就可以不做了。自然行为得不到改变。故选A。
10.C 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。根据后面可知，与此相反，那些让青少年体验他们的行为的结果的
父母可以做得更好。此处failures失败；changes变化；consequences结果；thrills兴奋、震颤。故选C。
11.D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，当青少年不购物帮助他们的父母购物时，他们在冰箱里就找
不到他们最喜爱的饮料，这样他们就被迫重新考虑他们的行动。 此处defend防御；delay耽搁；repeat重复；reconsider重新考虑。根据语境和词的意义可知，选D。
12.A 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。心理学家说交流是家长和孩子关系中最重要的事。此处
communication 交流；bond结合；friendship友谊；trust 信任。有沟通才会消除隔闵和误解。故选A。
13.D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。父母应和子女交谈，但同时也应该听一听他们要说什么。
此处reply 回答；attend参加；atach附加、系；talk谈论。talk to 和.….交流。故选D。 14.B 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。父母责备他们的孩子当他们的房间凌乱时，但他们也应该明白他们
的房间是他们自己的私人空间。此处 hate讨厌；scold责备；frighten 吓唬；stop停止。代入四个词分析，只有B符合语境。故选B。
15.C 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。沟通是一个双向的过程。它只有通过倾听和理解对方，父母与子女
之间的问题才可以得到解决。此处 loving爱；observing观察；understanding理解；praising表扬。代入四个词分析， C更符合语境。故选C。
2015说明文
1.【2015·重庆】B
Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the 28 , your body clock is confused. You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are 29 jet lag（时差反应）.
Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31.
For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 32 your biological block to the destination’s time. If it’s daytime in your destination, try to stay 33 . Walking around the cabin（客舱） can be of help. When it’s nighttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before the flight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a new 35of sleep and wakefulness. 28. A. flight
B. change
C. demand
D. climate D. leading to D. fear D. effectively
29. A. suffering from 30. A. danger 31. A. briefly 32. A. checking 33. A. awake
B. working on B. problem B. slowly
C. looking into
C. waste
C. suddenly
B. sending
B. alone B. so B. cycle
C. adjusting
D. stopping
D. calm
C. hungry
34. A. though C. whole
D. or
D. trend
35. A. understanding C. research
【文章大意】本文讲述在旅行中如何调整你的生物钟。
28.B 考查名词辨析。A flight航班； B change变化； C demand要求； D climate气候； 句意：慢
慢地对于变化做出反应，你的生物钟就要混淆。根据语境可知本文是关于对于时差的反应，故选B项。
29.A 考查动词短语辨析 suffer from 遭受战争破坏的 work on 从事于；look into调查；lead to 导
致；根据时区的变化可知很明显会导致时间反应，故选A项。
30.B 考查名词辨析。Adange 危险性Bproblem 问题在于Cwaste 浪费者Dfear恐惧；句意：游客会用药
片和酒精来处理这个问题。根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B项。
31.D 考查副词辨析。Abriefy 简洁地址Bslowly 慢慢地址Csuddenly 突然地址Deffectively有效地；
句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效。根据语境可知选D项。
32.C 考查动词辨析。A checking 检查员 B sending送到 C adjusting 调整结构 D stopping停止播
送 句意：比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间。Adjust to 把。。调整到，，故选C项。
33.A 考查形容词辨析。A awake B alone C hungry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒。
Stay awake保持清醒，故选A项。
34.D 考查连词辨析。A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while虽然如此 D or 否则；句意：在这种情
况下，提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡。Or表示转折，故选D项。
35.B 考查名词辨析。A Understanding 明白的 B cycle圈； C research 研究；D trend趋势；句意：
这些建议能帮你开始新生物钟。根据语境可知选B项。
2.Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s earned to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 in people’s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.
Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone. First Impression
To help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.
As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an early stage who would best fit into their lives. The 60 Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce
a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people. Face Value
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to 65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
51. A. Instead B. Therefore 52. A. romantic
C. Moreover
D. Otherwise
B. stressful C. central
B. proof
D. artificial D. principle
53. A. priority 54. A. tested
C. possibility
B. impressed C. changed D. created B. virtues
C. similarities
D. passions
55. A. appearances
56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients 57. A. predict 58. A. critical 59. A. memorize 60. A. Nose 61. A. open
D. intentions
B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall B. initial C. random B. distinguish
D. mature
C. negotiate D. question
D. Hand
B. Eye C. Heart
B. alert C. resistant D. superior
62. A. disappointed 63. A. emotion 64. A. enhance 65. A. familiar
B. amazed C. confused D. gifted B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals B. possess C. maintain B. plain
C. positive
D. assess D. irritating
【文章大意】古代和现代的人追求不同，现代人追求的是爱，但是科学家依然对爱还不是很清楚。 51.A 考查副词以及对语境的理解Instead意为相反，Therefore意为因此，Moreover意为此外，Otherwise
意为否则。观察空格前后的句式结构，可以前面用的是you would not detect.…，后面用的是you
would see，使用的动词不同，结构相同。由于前面有not，后面没有，所以可知此处表达为意思相反，所以答案为A。
52.C 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 romantic 意为浪漫的，stressful 意为压力的，
central 意为中心的， artificial 意为人工的。根据上一句话“life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting”及本句的“In modern times, finding love is ”，分析语境，知道这两个句子是把古代和现代的情况进行对比。前一句用了center ,后一句用central, 两者的关系是同根重现。
53.B 考查名词以及对语境的理解 priority 意为优先权，proof 意为证明，possibility 意为
可能性，principle 意为原则。后两句的意思是：很容易准备一系列的有关爱的现代故事。在当前的流行文化中，无数的故事和电影归类为爱情故事。根据这两句，的意思，结合上下文语境可知道本句的意思就是有很多证明的例子，所以答案为proof.
54.D 考查动词以及对语境的理解 tested 意为测试，imposed意为强加，changed 意为改变，
created 意为创造。根据本段的最后一句话“One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone. 确定了一件事情是：爱的真理还不确定”可以知道科学家研究的是爱是否能够创造，而不应该是测试，改变或者是强加。其中set in stone 就像中文里说的“板上钉钉”，表示绝对不变。
55.C 考查名词以及对语境的理解 appearances 意为外表，virtues 意为美德，similarities意为相似，
passions 意为激情。根据划线部分前面的连词but 可以判断前后是转折的意思，而opposites意为相反的，所以答案为相似的。
56.C 考查名词以及对语境的理解ilustrations意为说明，implications意为含义；暗示；牵连，卷入；
可能的结果，影响，ingredients意为成分，intentions意为意图，目的。根据小标题First Impression（第一印象）以及后面所描述的实验方法、内容和结果，可以知道实验的目的是决定吸引力的成分。
57.A 考查动词以及对语境的理解 predict 意为预测，investigate 意为调查，diagnose 意为
诊断， recall 意为回忆。根据58题后面的judgment (判断)，可以知道此处的答案应该是和判断同义的词。又根据该句后面的句子“after nine weeks, they reported what happened. 9周之后，报道发生了什么事情？”可以知道这一些是还没有发生的事情，也就是预测到的东西。 58.B 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 critical 意为 批评的 ，initial 意为原始的 ，
random 意为随意的， mature 意为成熟的。根据第57题预测的东西，那么预测的东西相对而言就是原始的，最初的判断。
59.B 考查动词以及对语境的理解 memorize 意为记忆，distinguish 意为区别，negotiate 意
为谈判， question意为疑问。根据前一句话的意思“结果证明他们最初的判断是正确的”，该句要表达的意思和前一句相同，也就是说“学生似乎能够在早期区别适合他们的生活人”。 60.A 考查名词以及对语境的理解 Nose 意为鼻子，Eye 意为眼睛， Heart 意为心
脏， Hand意为手。空格处的词是小标题，是对本段的高度概括。它往往在句首或句末找答案。在本段的最后两句话都提到了一个词smell（嗅觉），四个选项中和嗅觉有关的词只有A。 61.A 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 open 意为开放的，alert 意为警觉的，resistant 意为抵
抗的，superior 意为优越的。根据前面的搭配either… or…要么……，要么，表明此处是一个反义表达。前面使用的是战争，那么后面应该是一种开放，也就是坦诚以对。
62.D 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 disappointed 意为失望的，amazed 意为惊奇的，
confused 意为困惑的，gifted 意为有天赋的。根据In contrast（相反）以及后文“Although we may not be aware of chemicals 尽管我们没有意识到”， 结合上下文语境知道在这里表达人类没有像动物那么有天赋。
63.B 考查名词以及对语境的理解 emotion意为情感，attractiveness 意为吸引力，
individuality 意为个人的 ，signals意为信号。根据上一句话最后一个单词attractive，结合上下文知道此处的答案和这个单词attractive是同根重现，所以答案是attractiveness. 64. D 考查动词以及对语境的理解 enhance意为加强，possess 意为拥有，maintain意为维持，assess
意为评定。该句是本段的总结，前面提到的是研究者做的吸引力实验，最后得出的结论就是我们评估吸引力的方法自动的。这是评估的方法，而不能是拥有，维持，或者是加强，所以答案为assess。 65.C 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 familiar 意为熟悉，plain 意为普通的， positive 意为积
极的， irritating 意为无礼的。根据最后一句的表达“Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking. 看一些吸引力的事情似乎能够导致快乐的思考。”不能得出答案的表达应该是一种快乐思考，所以答案为positive积极的。 【考点定位】 这是一篇说明文，阐述什么是爱？
【名师点睛】这是一篇说明文，没有生词，主要是考查上下文理解和单词理解。需要正确理解4个单词的选项，尤其要注意一些一词多义的地方，如test, open, question。也要注意题目与题目直接的关系，如58题和59题；要关注小标题以及段落的开头和结尾。结合上下文，留意那些涉及到重现的题目。
2014高考题说明文
【2014·重庆卷】
Cultural differences occur wherever you go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and 28_______ them. Here are some 29_______ on how to fit in.
Every traveler to a foreign country feels 30_______ at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of 31_______. If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner.”
Wearing proper cloths is important too, 32_______ locals will judge by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is 33_______, especially if you are a woman. So leave your torn jeans at home.
Also be cautious about expressing 34_______. Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some countries it is 35_______ to kiss in public.
1. A. reject B. recite C. respect D. remove 2. A. plans B. tips C. arguments D. choices 3. A. unsafe B. excited C. satisfied D. awkward 4. A. relief B. belonging C. humor D. direction 5. A. but B. for C. so D. or
6. A. forbidden B. allowed C. expected D. tolerated 7. A. emotions B. concern C. interest D. views 8. A. natural B. advisable C. unwise D. unnecessary
【文章大意】本文就如何适应文化差异提出一些建议。只有尊重差异才能适应差异。具体涉及情感表达、依着打扮及如何摆脱尴尬，等。
1.C 考查动词词义及语境运用。去另一个国家，要意识到这个国家的文化与本国文化之间的差异并尊重
这种差异。A.reject 排斥；B.recite 背诵；C.respect尊重；D.remove去除。C项正确。 2.B 考查名词词义及语境运用。本文接下来就如可适应化差异提出了一些具体的建议。A.plans：方案、
计划；B.tips建议；C.arguments争论；D.choices选择。B项正确。
3. D 考查形容词词义及语境运用。每一个出国人员都会有尴尬的时候，因为他们的举止可能引发当地人
的嘲笑。A. unsafe不安全的；B. excited激动的、兴奋的；C. satisfied满足的、满意的；D. awkward尴尬的。D项正确。
4.C 考查名词词义及语境运用。从下文“一笑了之”可知，自我防卫的最佳手段是幽默感。 A. relief
轻松、放松；B. belonging归属；C. humor幽默；D. direction方向。C项正确。
5.B 考查连词的语境运用。衣着也很重要，因为当地人会根据衣着来判断一个人。A. but表“转折”；
B. for表“理由”；C. so表“结果”；D. or表“选择”。故B项正确。
6.A 考查动词词义及语境运用。根据宗教习惯，在中东国家衣着暴露是严格禁止的。A. forbidden禁止；
B. allowed允许；C. expected期待；D. tolerated容忍。A项正确。
7.A 考查名词词义及语境运用。在东南亚国家。生气会让自己显得愚蠢，所以表达情感时要谨慎。A.
emotions情感；B. concern担忧；C. interest兴趣；D. views观点。故A项正确。
8.C 考查形容词词义及语境运用。在一些国家当众亲吻是不合适的。A.natural自然的。本文更多谈及的
是一些禁忌，故本项排除；B.advisable可建议（从事）的。排斥理由同A项；C.unwise不明智的；D.
unnecessary不必要的。C项正确。
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