跨文化
欧阳学文
一． 名词解释
Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
Culture identityrefers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event
Subculture is formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
Linguistic barriers problems in communication due to language differences
Nonverbal communication refers to the messages sent without using words
Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others and is the standard by which all other cultures should be measured.
High power distance: the tendency to accept the inequality in power distribution
Low power distance: the tendency to expect equality in power distribution
Masculine cultures: cultures that are characterized by ambition, assertiveness and different character roles
Feminine cultures: cultures that are characterized by nurturing behaviors, care and concern and favor sexual equality
Individualistic cultures: cultures that value every individual’s rights and are characterized by independency and privacy
Collectivistic cultures: cultures that value the collective interests of the group
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
and are characterized by interdependency and responsibility
Uncertainty avoiding cultures: cultures that tend to avoid risks and enforce rules and security
Uncertainty accepting cultures: cultures that like to take risks and seek novelty
Social intercultural customs: social rules and routines observed in interaction across culture
Interpersonal relationship: the social relationship between friends, colleagues, classmates, and so on.
Acculturation: the process of cultural modification as a result of contact with a different culture。
Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.
Interpersonal communication competence: is the ability to function
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
effectively and appropriately in an intercultural communication context. It involves cognition affect and behavior, which are inseparable in reality.
二． 判断正误
三． 英翻汉，汉翻英
临时抱佛脚 to make the lastminute effort
马后炮 belated effort
守株待兔 wait for gains without pains
二百五 a nerd, fool
五体投地 to admire sb extremely, wholehearted admire sb
海纳百川有容乃大 ocean is vast, for it refuse no river
己所不欲勿施于人 to treat others as you would like to be treated
萝卜青菜各有所爱 one’s meat, another’s poison
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
借花献佛 borrow sth to make gift of it
爱屋及乌 love me love my dog
摩拳擦掌 itch to have a go
三顾茅庐 repeatedly call on sb to ask sb to take certain responsibility
做一天和尚撞一天钟 to fulfill one’s responsibility passively
八仙过海各显神通 to show one’s own talents
粉墨登场 embark upon a political venture
过牛郎织女的生活 a metaphor for a couple living separately
捶胸顿足 in deep sorrow
袖手旁观 to stand by and do nothing
垂头丧气 in low mood/spirit
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欧阳学文创作
愁眉苦脸 to have a worried look
化干戈为玉帛 to end the war and start the peace
Been on cloud nine 高兴，兴奋
Blow ones top 怒发冲冠
Have a lemon on one’s hand 烫手山芋
Something fishy 有猫腻
Fair weather friend 酒肉朋友
Shoot the breeze 闲谈
Zip your lip 闭嘴，停止讲话
To be all ears 洗耳恭听
Wash up 精疲力竭
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欧阳学文创作
TGIF thanks god it’s Friday; SHIT sorry honey it’s Thursday
四． Case Study
Face the Music: 1. 承担后果（to accept the unpleasant results of one's actions)
2. 接受惩罚(to receive punishment)
Play the game: 遵守规则，按章办事
Case 1
Key： Idiomatic phrases are often misunderstood. In English „face the music‟ means: to face the reality and take the consequence; while „play the game‟ means: abide completion rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted the idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn‟t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he said he would “face the music”
Secondly, he misinterpreted Tom‟s „playing the game‟ as that he hadn‟t done the experiment seriously, which might have led to the failure.
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欧阳学文创作
Case 3
Key: The resignation of Canadian employee resulted from the communication barrier due to the preconception of Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors. Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. But Mr. Wang found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust.
五． 论述题
1. it is very natural for people to resist other cultures, especially when they enter a new culture and are faced with a new set of values as well as different behavioral patterns and different verbal and nonverbal communication systems. the individual needs to find a new source of livelihood and build a new life. This process is called “acculturation”. It involves four modes.
Acculturation文化适应: the process of cultural modification as a result of contact with a different culture.
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欧阳学文创作
Assimilation同化:means that the individual makes a decisive effort to adopt the norms and values of the host culture in order to acquire a new cultural identity.
He may lose his native cultural values and beliefs.
But if he desires to maintain his native cultural identity while adjusting to some new cultural practices, then his effort is to pursue integration.
Ultimately, individual will form a bicultural identity. This is the case of many BBCs or ABCs.
On the other hand, if the individual rejects the norms and values of the host culture and persistently tries to reaffirm his native culture, and then we call it separation or segregation.
Separation means that he chooses to retain his original culture and avoid interaction with the host culture, while segregation means that the separation is enforced by the host culture itself.
This is typical in situations of racism, like the former Apartheid situation in
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欧阳学文创作
South Africa.
If the individual chooses not to identify with the host culture or the native culture, then we call it
Marginalization
Punks, gypsy
2. 中外父母对子女教育区别
In America，children are independent at a very early age and they are free to choose what they want in life but they are also responsible for their actions. In contrast, in china, children rely on their parents to support them at various levels, so they tend to submit to parental control and decisionmaking. Consequently, the Chinese children are indebted to their parents for life and feel responsible for them in their old age, whereas the American children are selfreliant and, therefore, rather indifferent to their parents’ old agethey tend to see it as a burden. Nevertheless, this pattern is changing in Chinese society.
Privacycontrol
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欧阳学文创作
Free to choose partner and career listen to parents’ advice in partner
and career
Challenge parents order follow parents order
Independent very earlyindependent after marriage
Parents respect children’s choicesparents push children to excel
Selfreliance and freedomparental protection
3. Hofstede’s value dimensions
Masculine cultures: cultures that are characterized by ambition, assertiveness and different character roles （differentiated sex roles, ambition and achievement）. Cultures with high masculinity advocate achievement, ambition and acquisition of wealth and its members are usually assertive and competitive as associated with male behavior.
Feminine cultures: cultures that are characterized by nurturing behaviors, care and concern.
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
Individualistic cultures: cultures that value every individual’s rights and are characterized by independency and privacy. (Iconsciousness; independence and competition)
Collectivistic cultures: cultures that value the collective interests of the group and are characterized by interdependency and responsibility. (WEconsciousness; interdependence and cooperation)
High power distance: the tendency to accept the inequality in power distribution. Members in high power distance culture view privilege and priority as facts of life and are comfortable with hierarchy and status differentials.
Low power distance: the tendency to expect equality in power distribution. They believe in equal status and equal opportunity among all members.
and favor sexual equality (fluid sex roles; nurturing and quality of life).
Uncertainty avoiding cultures: cultures that tend to avoid risks and enforce rules and security. (Rigid; formal rules)
Uncertainty accepting cultures: cultures that like to take risks and seek
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欧阳学文创作
novelty. (Flexible; initiate risks)
Eg: Sweden femininity
Japanmasculinity
China collectivism
great Britainindividualism
China high power distance
Americalow power distance
Japan, Peru Uncertainty avoidance
Denmark uncertainty accepting
4． Edward T Hall
Edward T. Hall was an American anthropologist and crosscultural researcher. One of his famous theories is context culture theory.
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
Highcontext culture：a culture’s tendency to convey messages via the context of communication. The message is mostly implicit rather than explicit.
Lowcontext culture：a culture’s tendency to convey messages through words; the message is fully verbalized.
In lowcontext culture, people tend to ignore some nonverbal communication behaviors. However in Chinese or Japanesehighcontext culture, communications give the sensitive communicators unlimited information and content for they are expressed by rich symbols, such as facial expressions, actions, speed of action, atmosphere of communication, unspeakable emotions, subtle gestures and other ambient details.
In lowcontext cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. Since people of lowcontext cultures favor directness, they are likely to consider highcontext communications as a waste of time. The speech system used in lowcontext cultures is elaborated code. In lowcontext cultures, people emphasize individualism and liner logic. The united states is a typical example.
5. This is a table about intercultural adaptation. The first is called Ucurve,
欧阳学文创作
欧阳学文创作
which includes four stages：
the honeymoon phase,
the crisis period,
the adjustment period
and the intercultural adaptation.
All those four stages can frequently lead to bicultural identity.
In the honeymoon phase, one will feel interest and euphoria. And they will have positive reaction to stress.
In crisis period, culture shock will happen. Then people will feel confusion, frustration, anxiety and then depression. In the adjustment period, people will begin to learn the problemsolving skills and conflict resolution, and begin to appreciate of host culture. In the adaptation, one will possess the bicultural identity. Gradually, they will have constructive responses and stable adaptation.
The second table is the Wcurve which refers to the return home process
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欧阳学文创作
which includes six stages:
the four stages in the host culture
and another two stages in the native culture which is reverse culture shock and adjustment phase. The reentry shock is after people going back to their own cultural environment, they will feel anxiety, frustrated and depressed again. And with time went by, people will adjust to it again. In order to ensure a smooth transition, we need to develop strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in intercultural adaptation.
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