句子结构专练讲义(教师版)
英语简单句、并列句、复合句
只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子称为简单句。 I am a student.我是一个学生。
She likes English very much.她非常喜欢英语。
He usually does morning exercises on the playground.他常常在操场上做早操。
掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思. 见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即:主语部分和谓语部分.先搞清句子所要陈述的对象(谁 或什么),干 ( 做) 什么,然后在去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什么) 是主语;干 ( 做) 是 谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语.修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语;修饰谓语、形容词或副词的成分是状语;系动词之后的成分是表语.例如:
The Chinese workers are building a tall building near the school . 定语 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 状语 These delicious food tastes good . 定语 定语 主语 谓语 表语
第一节 主语
主语是句子所要陈述的对象.它是一句话的\"头\它回答\"谁 \" \"什么\"的问题.作主语的主要是名词和代词 ,其次还有数词, 动名词,不定式, 从句等. 主语一般情况下放在句首,只有在疑问句或倒装句中后移.
I 1). You are wanted on the phone . 2) Mary is the cleverest of the tree .
3)----What makes you so upset. ----- Losing the wallet.
4) It's no use crying over spilt milk . 5) To see is to believe .
6) Whether he comes or not doesn't matter. 7) It's important for you to finish this task . 8)The wounded are now out of danger . 5) II.用正确的词性填空
1. Fighting ___ ( fight ) broke out between the South and the North . 2. To complete _ ( complete ) the building in two months will be a great achievement . 3. Success _ ( succeed ) or _ failure _____ ( fail ) depends on the support of the masses. 4.What has ___ happened _____ ( happen ) proves that our policy is right . 5.__ It ___ ( its) happened that I wasn't there that day . 第二节 谓 语
谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作.谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系( 主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有三种不同的形式: 1) 动词 They planted many trees on the hill . 2) 情态动词 + 动词 You must stay at home . 3) 系动词+ 表语 The report is very interesting .
掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化: 1) 人称和数的变化
如: I work in a foreign country . He works in a foreign country . 2) 时态变化
如: I usually get up at six . ( 一般现在时) I am getting up now (现在进行时) I got up at five yesterday .( 一般过去时) I will get up at seven tomorrow . ( 一般将来时)
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I was getting up when he came in . ( 过去进行)I had got up when he came to my house . (过去完成)
I told my mother that I would get up . (过去将来时)
3) 语态变化
The children carried school bags (主动) School bags were carried by the children . (被动) 4) 语气变化 如: I was very busy ,so I didn't go to see him . ( 真实语气)
I would have gone to see him if I had not been very busy . ( 虚拟语气) 练习题
I . 指出下列句中谓语并注意变化形式
1. The earth moves round the sun . 2. The factory has already gone into production . 3. We must get rid of bad habits. 4.Another kind of pollution is noise . 5. Your sentence doesn't sound right . 6. The leaves have turned yellow. 7. The weather continued fine for several days . II. 填入动词的适当形式
1.Fifty miles ___ is ____ ( be ) not a great distance .
2. He ___ has been married ____ ( marry ) for three years .
3. So fast ___ does __ light __ travel ____ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed . 4. A lot of trees ____ must be planted __ ( must , plant ) on the hills . 5. What __.is ___ the boy doing __ ( do ) in the room ? 6. The woman did ___ stay ___ ( stay ) at home last Sunday . III. 完成下列各句
1. I remember ___ going there before _______ ( 去过那里)
2.Please remember __ to lock the door ______ ( 锁上门)when you leave the room . 3.I like __ singing pop songs _______( 唱流行歌曲)
4. I like ___ to sing an English song ___ ( 唱一首英文歌曲) this time .
5. The computer can't helps us ___(to) solve every problem ____(解决所有 的问题) 6. The girl couldn't help __ crying _____ ( 哭) when she heard the news . IV. 把下列句中的直接宾语提前
1.I'll buy you a new shirt . 1. I'll buy a new shirt for you . 2. Show me your passport . 2. Show you passport to me .
3.Do bring me your textbook. 3. Do bring your textbook to me . 4. Pour me a cup of tea. 4. Pour a cup of tea for me .
5. He paid the workers the money . 5. He paid the money to the workers . 第三节 宾 语
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,只有及物动词才会有宾语.宾语一般放在谓语动词之后.放在动词后的宾语叫做动词宾语,而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语.
作主语成分的词也可做宾语成分,如: 名词,代词, 数词, 动名词,不定式等.
有一部分动词能跟双宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语)人称代词做间接宾语;表示物的名词做直接
宾语.能跟双宾语的动词有: give , pass , choose , teach , buy ,show , send , bring , cook 一般
情况是间接宾语在前直接宾语在后, 有时,需要直接宾语提前,这时需要在间接宾语之前加上\"to \" 或\" for \" ;加\"to\" 加\" for \" 由动词决定,动词有\"方向\"含义的用\"to\ 其余的 用 \" for \"如 : give the book to me 把书给我 pass the knife to her 把刀递给她 buy a nice book for me 给我买本书
同源宾语是指一部分动词后跟上一个与它意义相同的宾语,如: live , die , sleep , smile
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dream , fight, laugh 例句: We are now living a happy life .
复合宾语是指动词后的宾语带上自己的一个补足语 .宾语与补足语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系.能跟复合宾语的动词有: call , make , let , ask , tell ,see , hear 例句:
We call him Tom . 我们管他叫汤姆. ... ( him ) is Tom I saw him go into the classroom . 我看到他进了教室. .... him go into the classroom 练习题
I.指出下列句中宾语并注意它们的形式
1.Crusoe made another fence round his cave . 2. He gave up teaching only two years ago . 3. She has learned to play the piano . 4. It is time for supper .
5. Did you write down what he said ? 6. He's going to teach us English next term . 7.Could you spare me a few minutes ? 8.She smiled her thanks as she turned away . 第四节 表 语
表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的,只有系动词之后才有表语. 常见得系动词有: be , become , appear , look , sound , seem , taste ,smell ,feel, get , grow , go , come
作表语的有: 名词,代词,形容词和分词,数词, 副词,从句,不定式和动名词. 如:
1) My idea is that we water the vegetables first( 从句) 2) I must be off now. ( 副词) 3) Their job is collecting stamps. ( 动名词) 4)Three times five is fifteen . ( 数词) 5) The match became very exciting . ( 现在分词)6) the child feels much better today .(形容词) 学习掌握表语应该注意以下三个区别:
1)名词作表语与形容词作表语的区别:
名词作表语回答\"What问题\";而形容词作表语回答\"How问题\". 例如: His father is a worker . ( What is his father ?) His father is tall . (How is his father ? )
2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:
动名词作表语回答\"What问题\";而现在分词作表语回答\"How问题\" 例如: My job is collecting stamps . ( What is your job ? ) The book is interesting . ( How is the book ? ) 3)现在分词作表语与现在进行时的区别:
现在分词作表语表示某物(人)是怎么样的;而现在进行时则表示某人正在做某事. 例如: The film is moving . ( 这部电影很动人.)
The children are moving the big table . (孩子们正挪动那长大桌子.) 练习题
I .找出下列各句中的表语并注意它们的形式
1.Beijing is the capital of China . 2. The street used to be very dirty . 3. His wish was to become an engineer . 4 .Her job is raising pigs.
5. The situation is encouraging . 6. The door remained locked .
7. We must be off now . 8. That is against the interests of the people . 9. My idea is that we should stick to our plan . 10. The question is how to run the machine . II. 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.The news sounds ___ inspiring ___ ( inspire ) 2.We are __ interested _( interest ) in the story .
3. My work is _ to clean ___ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning 4.The people in the city are very _ happy __ . ( happiness) 5.That is his book . The one on the desk is ___ mine ___ ( my ) .
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第五节 定 语
定语是修饰成分,它用来修饰名词. 用作定语的有形容词,代词，数词，名词,副词，名词所有格，分词，动名词，不定式，介词短语和定语从句。形容词，代词，数词，名词所有格，单个分词或动名词和名词作定语时放在被修饰词之前；副词，各种短语和从句作定语时放在被修饰词之后.
例如：a tall building( tall 为形容词 ） , some bananas (some 为代词）, three scientists ( three 为数词），Betty's father ( Betty's 为名词所有格 ）， a tea cup （tea 为名词）， the people there ( there 为副词），teaching plan ( teaching 为动名词），the running horse （ running 为现在分词），something to say ( to say 为动词不定式）， the books on the desk （ on the desk 为介词短语）, the people interested in the film ( interested in the film 为分词短语 )， the room where I live (where I live 为定语从句)
掌握定语有两个值得注意的问题：一、动名词与现在分词的区别 ，动名词作定语可以理解为... for v-ing , 如： a swimming pool = a pool for swimming ;而现在分词作定语可以理解为：... that is v-ing 如：an interesting story = a story that is interesting 二、复合形容词作定语，如： a three-storey-high building ( 一幢三层高的楼房） 复合形容词中的名词为单数，一定要加连字符。又如：a one-mile-wide river (一条一英里宽的河流) 练习题
I.找出下列各句中的定语并注意它们的形式
1. Our country is a great country . 2. His words moved everyone present . 3. This has to be permitted by the leading comrades . 4. He is a man loved by all . 5.We must work for the interests of the people . 6. Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
7. The train which has just left is for Shanghai . 8. I have something important to tell you . 9.Do you want anything else ? 10. I have a meeting to attend . II. 翻译下列词组
1. a much discussed topic 6.a three-year-old boy 11.党员 2. a man -made satelite 7.a one-mile-wide river 12.服务中心 3. a chosen topic 8.一本很难读懂的书 13.游泳池
4. running water 9. 没有做的工作 14.昨天来的那个人 5. a sleeping boy 10.将要举行的会议 15.年底 Key:
1.热点题目;2.人造卫星;3.选题;4.流动的水;5.正睡觉的孩子;6.三岁的孩子;7.一英里宽的河; 8.a book difficult to understand ;9. undone work 10.a meeting to be held 11. a Party member;
12.a service centre ; 13.a swimming pool ; 14.a man who came yesterday ; 15. the end of a year 第六节 状 语
状语也是修饰成分，它是用来修饰动词，形容词或副词的。它说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、条件、程度、伴随情况 等等。因此，状语分为：时间状语、地点状语，方式状语、原因状语、结果状语 ，条件状语 、程度状语、伴随状语等。
用作状语的有 : 副词、介词短语、分词或分词短语、动词不定式、名词和从句，例句如下： 1. Suddenly it began to rain . 天突然下起雨来。suddenly 为副词.
2. According to the plan we must finish the work tomorrow. (按照计划我们必须明天完成这项工作。according to the plan 为介词短语 ；tomorrow 为副词。 3. He sat there smoking . 他坐在那里抽烟。smoking 现在分词。 4. Not knowing what to do , he decided to ask the teacher for advice 。
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不知道怎么做，他决定向老师求得建议。not knowing what to do 为分词短语 5. The other day I went to see a friend of mine in town . 前几天我去看我城里的一位朋友。the other day 为名词短语，to see a friend of mine in town 为不定式短语。6. Wait a moment . 等一会。 moment 为名词 7.If it is fine tomorrow , we'll go to plant trees .如果明天好，我们去植树。if it is tomorrow 为从句。
状语的位置比较灵活，一般有三个位置：
一，放在句尾。如：We went to the park yesterday . 我们昨天去了公园。
二 ，放在句首。如：Usually I read the newspaper in the morning , but yesterday I read
them in the evening .我通常在早上读报， 但是昨天我是晚上读的。
三，放在动词之前，在 to be 或主动词或情态动词之后，这类的状语往往是单个副词。如：
often , still , never , also , always , already , usually ,even , ever , quite , almost , certainly . He always helps others . 他总是帮助别人。
I shall never forget that day . 我永远不会忘记那一天。
在句中同时有时间状语和地点状语时， 地点状语一般放在时间状语之前。如： The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow afternoon.
会议明天将在教室举行。
修饰形容词和副词的状语一般放在被修饰词之前。如： It is raining very hard . 雨下得非常大。
enough 修饰形容词或副词时，应放在形容词或副词之后。如： Are you warm enough ? 你够暖和吗？ 练习题
I.找出下列各句中的状语并 指出属于哪类状语
1.The visitors were warmly welcomed by the students .
2. He did his experiment carefully in the lab yesterday . (方式)
3. They did everything they could to save the worker's life . 4. Being blind , how could they see ? 5.Greatly inspired by my teacher's words , I have made up my mind to work at English even harder . (程度) (原因)
6.The book is very popular among young people . 7. He entered the dark room , gun in hand . 8. I do it because I like it . 9. We must do as the Party tells us .
10.This room is larger than that one . 11.Considering her age , we must say she is doing well . 12. In spite of that,I would like to go there myself . 13.The boy lay down , dead. 14.Happy and gay , the girl rushed into the room . II . 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.\"We've won the game !\" shouted the students ____ excitedly ____. ( excited ) 2.It is a ___ pretty _____ good place to visit . ( pretty ) 3.We ___ usually ____ come to see him . ( usual) 4.As we didn't know the way , we stopped _ to ask ______ the way . ( ask ) 5.___ Living ____ in the country , I used to carry water for an old man . ( live )
6. _.Educated _______ in a famous college , Tom is admired by his former classmates .( educate ) 7. He returned home ___ proud, ____ and _ joyful ____. ( proud , joy ) 8.They crowded around , ____ eager ___ to do something to help . ( eager ) 第七节 补足语
补足语是用来对宾语进行补充说明的成分。补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，当谓
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语动词变为被动语态时宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了。例如：
He asked me to open the book . ( 宾语补足语) I was asked to open the book . ( 主语补足语)
应当注意的是：宾语与补足语之间的关系是逻辑主谓关系， 这是判断补足语的重要方法。 They made him do the work . ( him 与 do 是主谓关系 ， him 是do 执行者）。 作补足语的有：形容词、名词、 副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。
例如：1. I found the classroom empty . 2. We elected him monitor . 3. Please call the students back at once . 4. We told him to come here early .
5. I found him lying in bed . 6. I heard it spoken of in the next room .
不定式作补足语有时可省不定式符号，这种情况取决于谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有：make , let , have , hear , see , watch , feel , observe , notice 例如:
He made me work all day . 他迫使我整天干活。 并不是所有的动词都能跟现在分词作补足语。能跟现在分词作补足语的动词有： have , see, watch , feel , hear , notice , observe , keep , find 例如:
The old woman had the lights burning all night long . 老妇人让灯点了一整夜。 练习题
I.指出下列句中补足语并注意变化形式
1.At the meeting we made him monitor . 2. What you said made Xiao Wang angry . 3. We heard him singing in the hall . 4.I found the classroom empty . 5. Please call the students back at once. 6. I can't have you say so . 7.He is asked to sing us a song . 8.Yesterday I had my hair cut . II.用所给词的适当形式填空
1. Robert is said _.to be studying _ ( study ) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in . 2. I saw the man ___ knocked _( knock ) down and the driver _drive ____ ( drive) away . 3.Who did the teacher have __ write ____ (write ) an article for the wall newspaper. 4. Happiness lies in making others __ happy ______ ( happiness ) 5. How can I stop him ___ asking _ ( ask ) such silly questions ? III. 完成下列各句
1. Have you got the supper ___ ready ________ ? 2.Let's paint the door __ black _____ .
3. We must keep the room __ clean ______ .
4.I found it difficult to __ to study maths ________ . 5. I think it duty to ___ serve the people _______ .
6.All this has made it possible for us __ to finish the work on time ________ .
综合练习题
I.指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分
1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 2. Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
3. People's standards of living are going up steadily . 4. He is called Little Tiger .
5. The masses are the real heroes . 6. That was how they were defeated . 7. The nursery takes good care of our children . 8. I'll return the book to you tomorrow . 9. We always mean what we say . 10. We are sure that we shall succeed . 11. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother .
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12 . There are many films that I'd like to see .
13. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? 14. I have a lot of work to do . 15. Speak politely. 16. Anyway I won't stop you from doing it . 17. I said it in fun . 18. We can send a car over to fetch you . 19. She had to work standing up . 20 Seeing this , some comrades became very worried . 21. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 22 . The bus arrived ten minutes late . 23. We should serve the people hear and soul . 24. Spring coming on , the trees turned green . 25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door . II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子
1.我们的英语老师是使人愉快的人. Our English teacher is a __ pleasant person 2 .他晚上几乎不工作. He __ hardly ______ works in the evening . 3.我说服他戒了烟. I persuaded him not to ___ smoke ________ . 4.你接受他的礼物了吗? Did you ___ accept ___________ his present ? 5.他们去看那个要死的人. They went to see the __ dying _____ man . 6.我们船上没有这么多的空位子. We have no__ room _____ for so many people on the boat. 7.字典就在架子上. The dictionary is ____ right ___ on the shelf . III.指出句子的主句部分
1. It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not . 2.I don't believe they will win the game .
3.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody . 4. I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor . 5. Tom studies hard and is ready to help others , which his parents expect .
6. It also shows you the caller's telephone number in order that you recognize who it is . 7. Whatever dictionary you have , please lend it to me .
8.What frightened us most was that two lights appeared suddenly in the darkness . 9.Is the toy that you bought in Shanghai for your little brother ?
10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants .
1．试分析下面句子的结构(主、谓、宾、定、状、补)。
1. He seems quite happy with the work.. 2.The little girl cried sadly. 3.Our team won the football match.
4.My father bought me a new bike last week.
5.We, some senior three students , call him Mr.Wang. 6.She likes bread and milk but she doesn’t like eggs. 7.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
8 He entered the room, turned on the light and drank a glass of water.
9.He sat near the window, reading a newspaper and drinking a cup of coffee. 10.They got off the bus after they said good bye to one another.
11 .After the meeting was over, she told us that her father would go for a picnic.
12.The spy found the situation became worse and that he might be arrested if he still stayed there.
13. Which do you think is the car Jim bought for his wife as a present?
14.It was the museum where I borrowed the magazine that was destroyed in the earthquake. 15. Luckily, he returned to his home, tired and hungry.
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16. The two children had never been in London before, and were astonished at the crowds
everywhere. (简单句，并列谓语)
17.Use your head and you’ll find a way./Hurry up or you can be late for school.
18.She met a bad storm about 500 miles from the United State coast and for two days she used
no sails. (并列句)
19. Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quautities of irrigation water from underground reserves (储存). 20. That a microorganism (微生物) of capable of destroying one of other species was first
discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that this might be put to medical use.
21. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if
effort is made.
22. You must get your long hair cut or you will not be able to allowed to enter the worshop,
because you might catch it up in the machine and cause a serious accident.(并列复合句) 23. About half of the 4,611 adults who took part in the survey had heard about e-cigarettes(电
子烟), which are battery-powered or rechargeable cigarettes that vaporize a liquid nicotine solution（溶液）.
2. 对下面句子的划线部分进行强调，然后对强调的部分进行提问。
1. He was sent to the hospital after the car accident happened. ① ② ③ 2. They didn’t come back until 10 O’clock last night. ① ②
3.He came across him friend in the park where they had planted trees together. ① ② ③
3. 改正下面句子的错误。
1. There are many people like to go to the movies.（like前加who或like改为liking）
2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.(can前加
which/that或将can be删除)
3. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.（comparing改为compared） 4. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.(than后加 that of) 5.She has three daughters but none of whom attend her. (whom改为them)
6. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water. (去掉to或don’t need ) 7. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.(too改为either) 8. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (As改为It/ 或us后加逗号，去掉that)
9. It is known to us, practice makes perfect. （改It为As/或去掉逗号，us后加that） 10. You can get anything what you like. (what 改为that或去掉anything) 11. While he is young, but he is clever. (去掉but)
12. He entered the room, turning on the light and drank a glass of water.(turning改
为turned)
13. They stood under the tree, talked and laughing. （talked改为talking）
14. Seeing someone knocked down, the car stopped at once.( the car改为the
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driver of the car)
15. 1. There was not school in the village at that time. (not改为no或在not后加a/ 在not 后
加any,再把school变为复数。在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not any 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。
一、简单句 1、概述
说明：S=主语；V=谓语；P=表语；O=宾语；IO=间接宾语；DO=直接宾语；
C=宾语补足语
（1）主谓结构（S + V）
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。 He runs quickly．他跑得快。 （2）主系表结构（S + V + P ）
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，
sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。 （3）主谓宾结构（S + V + O ）
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。 I saw a film yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。 （4）主谓双宾结构（S + V + IO + DO） 在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。①有时间接宾语可以紧接动词之后，
也可以用to后置。常见的可以这样使用的动词有give, hand, lend, post, promise, sell, send, show , take, teach, tell, throw, write, owe, pass, bring, read, offer, bring等。
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给了我一本书。
②简接宾语可以紧接动词之后，也可以用for后置。常见的可以这样使用的动
词有buy, build, paint, call, choose, cook, cut, do , fetch, get , keep, draw, make , order(订购), prepare, save等。
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。 ③简接宾语不能紧接动词之后，要用介词后置
They robbed the old man of his money．他们抢了老人的钱。 He's warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。 （5）主谓宾补结构（S + V + O + C）
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、
副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根
据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。 They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
注：主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语就变成主语补足语： I last saw him playing near the river.
→ He was last seen playing near the river.
The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam. → The student was caught cheating in the exam. We made him monitor.
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→ Him was made monior.
3、There be 句型（详参There be 结构一章）
There be 结构是一个重要的基本句型，它由 “There + be + 主语+ 壮语“构
成。
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.屋子里有一张桌子两把椅子。 二、并列句 1、概述
由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句(compound
sentence)。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立，互不依从，但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。
并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号，
也可不用逗号（但however、therefore、otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号）。常见的并列句结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。这种简单句常被叫做分句。
I help him and he helps me.我帮助他，他帮助我。（并列连词是and）
This is our first lesson, so I don't know all your names. 这是我们的第一堂课，
因此我不知道大家的名字。(并列连词so前有逗号）
One was filled with kerosene, one with castor oil and one with vinegar.一个（瓶
子）装满煤油，一个（瓶子）装满蓖麻油，还有一个（瓶子）装满醋。（此句由3个分句组成，并列连词是and） 2、并列连词
并列连词（或连接副词）根据不同含义，分为如下几类：
（1）表示连接，常用的有and、not only...but also、neither...nor等。
Right now it's the summer vacation and I'm helping my dad on the farm.眼下
正是暑假期间，我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。
（2）表示转折，常用的有but、yet、sill、however、while等。
The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn't find any
work. 这个工人在纽约找工作己有几个月之久，但是仍然没有找到。 （3）表示选择，常用的有or、or else、otherwise、otherwise、either...or等。 They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 他
们必须从炉火边拿走，不然就有可能烤糊的。 （4）表示原因，只有for一个词。
They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one , for being
blind, how could they? 他们常常听说过大象，但从来没看到过，因为他们是瞎子，怎么能看到呢？
（5）表示结果，常用的有so、therefore。
It's time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
这是一年中收割稻谷的时期，因此，我每天都从早到晚的劳动。 （6）并列复合句
除以上简单的并列句之外，还有一种较复杂的并列句，叫做并列复合句
(compound complex sentence)，即其中的一个分句可包含一个以上从句。 I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had
dipped into the cup. 我吮吸了手指，但是我放进嘴里的指头不是我在杯子里蘸了一下的那个指头。
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三、复合句 1、概述
复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一个以上的从句
(subordinate clause)构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。 2、从句的基本概念及其结构
从句不能独立成为一个句子，虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句通常由
关联词引导，并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是：关联词+主语+谓语。
When I came home， my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家时，妻子在做晚
饭。
3、关联词（connective)
引导从句的关联词共有下列5类： （1）从属连词：that（无词义），before（在…前），whether（是否），after
（在…之后），if（假如、是否），since（既然、自从）, because（因为），as/so long as（只要），when（当时…候），so that（结果） （2）疑问代词：who, which, whom, what, whose等。 （3）疑问副词：when, why, where, how
（4）关系代词：who, which, whom, that, whose （5）关系副词：when, why, where 4、关联词在从句中的功用举例
We can't travel through the forest by road because there aren't any roads! 我
们不能从陆路穿过森林，因为这儿根本没有路可走！（关联词是从属连词because，引导状语从句） 5、从句的功用和种类
从句在复合句中，可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等，因此，
可分为六类：即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.这座水坝是世
界上最大的一座，长3830米。（含有which引导的定语从句）
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the
llth floor.当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（含有when引导的时间状语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front
page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（含有which引导的宾语从句）
1 .The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and
soft sands make____it is. A. what B. which C. how D. where 2. ____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008, 山东) A. It B. This C. What D. As
3. The law must be strictly observed and _____ breaks it shall be published. A. anyone B. those C. anyone who D. those whose
4. _____ students with difficulties in their studies want most of all is more love
and concern.
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A. What B. That C. When D. Those 5. I think _____ is foolish of you not to follow his advice. A. it B. this C. that D. one）
6. Many people now make _____ a rule to buy cards for their friends before
Christmas.
A. themselves B. it C. that D. this 7. —How did you find the film?
— Moving indeed. It’s much better than _____ we saw last week. A. where B. which C. the one D. the one what
8. The boy’s mother kept telling him not to stay up playing online games, but
_____ didn’t help.
A. she B. he C. which D. it (如果去掉but,选C)
9. I don’t think _______ possible to solve the problem within such a short
time.
A. this B. that C. its D. it
10. It is not who is right but what is right___ is of importance. A. which B. it C. that D. this
11 . I hate ___ when people take a bus with their pets. A. it B. that C. these D. them
12 ._____is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger ,
more prosperous economy.
A. As B. That C. This D. It
13 . It’s no_____ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A use B. help C. time D. way
14. _____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password
of your e-mail account.
A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires 15. I don’t mind her criticizing me, but ____ is how she does it that I object
to .
A. it B. that C. this D. which
16. I just wonder____ that makes him so excited.(山东2006）
A. Why it does B. what he does C. how it is D.
what it is
17. It was after he got what he had disired____ he realized it was not so
important.(辽宁2006）
A. that B. when C. since D. as
18. It ____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ____ I found we had a
lot in common. (浙江2007）
A. was until;when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until ; when D.
wasn’t until; that
19. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _______silly
mistakes I had made.
A. what B. that C. how D. which 20. ---Could you do me a favor?
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---It depends on ______ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
21. It is none of your business ____other people think about you. Believe
yourself.
A. how B. what C. which D. when
22. Engines are to machines ______ hearts are to animals. (2006 山东) A. as B. that C. what D. which
23. His play was popular , and every time _____ about it, he owed his success
to the support of his friends.
A. talking B. talked C. to talk D. when talking
24. Everyone had a form in his hand, but no one knew which office _______. A. to send it B. to send it to C. to be sent to D. have it sent 25. _____ terrible weather we’ve been having these days! A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
26. The news that they failed driving tests discouraged him, ______ ? A. did they B. didn’t they C. did it D. didn’t it
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _____ , in fact, I was talking
about my daughter.
A. whom B. while C . where D. which
28. It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ___
benefits our work best. ( A. who B. which C. that D. what )
29. John plays football _____, if not better than , David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
30. After the war, a new school building was put up ____ there had once been a
theatre.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
31. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______ great
it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
32. ______ production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent
year.
A. With B. As C. For D. Through
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