判断题
T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科
F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体 而沟通是一个动态的过程
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为
T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。
T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感
F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化
T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不一样
F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化
II Comprehension Check
T 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly. 所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同
T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻
T_3、Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise. 解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。
in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作头衔
can understand what Uncle policeman or Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。
can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他是个律师，律师道格拉斯。
hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。
Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏。
F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！“当客人刚到的时候，这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式。
T_10.”I’m sorry to have wasted your time” or “I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间”，通常都是适合商务拜访的。
III Comprehension Check
T the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美
social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同。
T informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式场合，大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的
F cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假设是文化的相同的。
T and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives,
adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里。
F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 英语的赞美常以“你”一词开头，而中国人的赞美常以“我”一词开头
F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日常生活中，中国人比美国人更为赞美。
F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses. 美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应。
F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式
T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话，中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人。
IV Comprehension Check
F 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言语交际比非语言交际更为重要
F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese. “龙”是指同为西方人的“龙”到中国。
F 3The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中国“知识分
子”具有相同的含义是“知识
T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词
F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。
T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”,
“lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language. 以下六个英文单词：“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中
F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有许多相似之处，英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。
T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌
T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维方式随文化而变化。
T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, . American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.
在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的T10，例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。
V Comprehension Check
T1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 说只是一种交流方式。还有许多人
F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的
T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一
T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识
F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化。
T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的文化
T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触
T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同
F9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方妇女通常喜
欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩。
F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人
VI Comprehension Check
is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性别是“性”的文化内涵
and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词
lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合
are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人，而大多数人都保留对参与和披露。
men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人
usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力
feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand closeness. 在女性文化中，传播是表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径。
socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express
closeness. 男性社会化强调做事情，把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式。
first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断。
is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 这是困难的，但可能寻求翻译线索，将有利于我们的沟通。
most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常见的问题，在跨文化谈判的关注（1）的规则，进行业务，（2）的选择，谈判，和（3）决策方法。
Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日本人认为，社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认为
negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status. 美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上
Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the
negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 与日本和中国的谈判人员一样，在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中，有一个详细的书面协议是不一样的。
British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英国人采用了类似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用沉默，他们也不太平等。
prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德国人喜欢明确的，坚定的，和assertire表达而日本鼓励转换、碎片化的表达
negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition. 墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的方法。更强调的是沉思和直觉。
Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公开地不同意，他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。
a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 创造一个舒适的气候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西。
are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性经常参加一个日本谈判小组。
名词解释
1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money
– Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
– Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community
– All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同） enough to alter（改变） their communicaion。
1 Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
2 Semantics（语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
3 Denotation（引申含义）：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
1 Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.
(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
(2)Polychronic Time（多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.
2 Proxemics（空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.
3 Kinetics（身势学）:the study of body language.身势学
4 Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
1 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.
2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(认知的）, affective, and behavioral(行为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.
High-context cultures（含蓄的文化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures （外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.
\"I\"culture(个体主义）： to control their won destiny to stand on their own feet to mind their own business
ties tend to be relatively unimportant
\"We\"culture(集体主义）： to strive for the common good is not encouraged rights to property piety(孝顺）
Power distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义） . egalitarian（平等主义）.
Masculine cultures(刚性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.
Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.
1. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation
9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
12. Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
1. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
2. Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
3. Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
4. Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
1. Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
2. Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
3. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
1. Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 More haste, less speed. 欲速不达
To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛
dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底捞月
to drink like a fish 牛饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡
to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽
landscape engineer 园林工人 tonsorial artist 理发师
sanitation engineer 清洁工 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠
soft in the head 发疯的 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎
to take things without permission 偷窃
industrial climate 劳资关系紧张
justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺
diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手 golden saying 金玉良言
You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直
better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后
tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
简答题
9 components of communication（交际的十大要素）
①source(来源）：the person who desires to
②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol
③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought
④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径）
⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages
⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message
⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received
⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does
⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning
⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确） the communication
the four trends that make our world more interdependent.
①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） ②innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）③economic globailzation(经济全球化）④widespread migrations(广泛的移民)
are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?
①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有观点）(what they think)
to understand cultural iceberg?
just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface
are the characteristic(特点） of culture?
①shared ②learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning one's culture)
③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior)
are the characteristic of communication?
①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)
is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name；
in English this order is reversed.
②In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.
Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.
(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.
Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Chinese use a person's title、office、or profession to indicate(表明） the person's influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain.(p24)
1. What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?
M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的
P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered.
3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97
M: Do one thing at a time
Take time commitments seriously
Are committed to the job
Adhere religiously to plans
Emphasize promptness
Are accustomed to short-term relationships
P: Do many things at once
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible
Are committed to people and human relationships
Change plans often and easily
Base promptness on the relationship
Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.
2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)
Creating or reinforcing(加固） solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）.
2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or
by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.
4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教） and Christianity（基督教）?
Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.
5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.
As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
the contents of …
1)Chronemics:The study of how people perceive and use time.时间学(1)Monochronic Time:paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.(2)Polychronic Time:being involved with many things at once.
2)Proxemics:the perception and use of space.空间学
3)Kinetics:the study of body language.身势学
4)Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.
the meaning of some common gestures in English
①good luck②feel surprised③I don't know④Pardon! Can't hear⑤That's enough, Please over⑥thamb-dowm⑦Sth strange/odd⑧Come here⑨in the ., meaning \"OK\"⑩in Italy, meaning \"Hero\". in ., \"goodbye\"⑾Oh, I forgot⑿Slow down/Relax/Wait a second.
8..What has influenced the gender socialization?（什么会影响性别社会化）
There are two primary influences on gender socialization:family communication,particularly between mothers and children,and recreational interaction among children.
9. Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low contexgt culture.（讨论高、低语境）
Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity in order to avoid disturbing or offending others,the vurden of smooth communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.
The Western communicative mode is primarily(直接） direct,explicit（明确）,and verbal,relying heavily on logical and rational perception(感知）,thinking， the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on the speaker.
is gender different from sex?
Sex:biological, permanent, with an individual property
Gender:socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality
principles for Effective Cross-gender Comunication(六条有效的跨性别交际原则)
1)Suspend judgement 2)Recognize the validity of different communication styles 3)Provide translation cues 4)Seek translation cues 5)Enlarge your own communication style 6)Suspend judgement
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