关键词:清教主义;价值观;写作态度;写作主题;象征手法
清教徒是最早移民美国的群体之一。他们作为极端基督教教会成员,起源于16世纪英国的教会。英国宗教改革没走多远,其改革的教义和教会体制还远远不够,但他们希望通过改革净化每一个本国天主教教堂。然而他们遭到了英国的迫害,后来又逃往荷兰。随着发现新大陆,许多清教徒移民到北美,希望建立一个新世界——神圣的联邦。
17世纪初英国人开始在北美大陆定居。有不少的清教徒成为美国国家缔造者的第一批定居者。他们来到美国出于各种各样的原因,其主要是主张宗教和道德原则。他们随身携带的价值准则即是一种生活哲学观点。
作为一个在美国生活中的统治因素,清教主义具有赋予塑造对美国想法和文学的影响。它在一定程度上已经成为一个国家的文化氛围,是美国人呼吸的一部分。由于这种深刻的思想基础,它已经对美国文学产生了广泛而深刻的影响,并已采取了自己独特的特点。 1.1原罪和宿命 1.2有限的赎罪和辛勤工作 1.3个人主义和创业精神 2 清教主义对美国文学的影响
对清教主义的理解有助于解码美国文学。清教从三个方面影响着美国文学:对作家的价值观和态度的影响,文学作品写作技巧的影响和象征技能。 2.1价值和态度——乐观个人主义
清教徒在新的世界盼望居住在完善的命令之下,热切建立新的伊甸园以便设定一个理想的社会。当面对危险和困难时,在圣洁使命启发之下他们充满乐观,无所畏惧。清教主义的乐观向上精神留给了美国人,塑造了美国人对于生活和世界的乐观态度。此外,早期移民的追求Thomas Jefferson《独立宣言》提到的自由、民主和幸福。独立宣言的精神影响到后来一百多年。 2.2题材——矛盾
清教徒认为,上帝拥有绝对权力,可以拯救人类,人类可以得到上帝的青睐,他们的信念即职业性的成功来自于他们对上帝的信仰。按他们的看法,艰苦工作是唯一能够得到上帝原谅的方式。追求财富神圣的欲望敦促他们不断地利用边境,雄心勃勃地征服自然和开发他们的“callings”。在美国清教主义主张节俭,在某种程度上,促进了资本主义的发展并深刻地影响了美国人的行为。他们害怕从奴役中得到解脱(从旧世界),再到另一个的陷阱(新的世界)。这种矛盾成为另一个永恒的主题,成为了美国人挥之不去的文学梦。
2.3写作技巧——象征
象征主义是宗教与艺术的重要组成部分。许多文化具有复杂的属性,指定某些特定事物的象征系统。事实上,许多作家,大多数作品均使用象征意义,象征成为小说作家修辞的核心组成部分。象征是系统地使用符号来表示或暗示的东西。在最直接的意义上,所有的语言是象征性的。在狭义而言,象征意义是有特别意义的。
清教对美国文学的影响力,不但表现在价值观念和态度及主题,而且还建立了象征作为文学修辞的传统。其实,最早的清教徒自己是最好的象征意义的实例。他们来了到美国希望创造新的伊甸园,以不屈不挠的勇气执行工作,成为虔诚的清教徒,物质世界是上帝的标志。《富兰克林自传》是一部影响了几
代美国人、历经两百余年经久不衰的励志奇书,它包含了人生奋斗与成功的真知灼见,以及诸种善与美的道德真谛,被公认为是改变了无数人命运的美国精神读本。The
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is the traditional name for the unfinished record of his own life written byBenjamin Franklin from 1771 to 1790; however, Franklin himself appears to have called the work his Memoirs. Although it had a tortuous publication history after Franklin's death, this work has become one of the most famous and influential examples ofautobiography ever written.
Franklin's account of his life is divided into four parts, reflecting the different periods at which he wrote them. In these parts, several aphorisms are made about friendship. These are somewhat confusing, but can be understood with some comprehension skills. There are actual breaks in the narrative between the first three parts, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four without an authorial break (only an editorial one).
Poe's writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as \"The Poetic Principle\".
[93]
He disliked didacticism[96]
[94]
and allegory,
[95]
though he
believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.brief and focus on a specific single effect.
[93] He believed that quality work should be
To that end, he believed that the writer should In \"The Philosophy of Composition\
carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.
[97]
in which Poe describes his method in writing \"The Ravenhis method. It has been questioned, however, if he really followed this system. T. S. Eliot said: \"It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method.\"
[98]
Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as \"a rather highly
[99]
ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization\".
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