作者:吴静
来源:《高中生学习·高二版》2017年第10期
冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词,是历年高考的必考點,常出现在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中,也是我们高考复习的一大重点。 [不定冠词的用法]
1. 不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的名词前,an用在以元音音素开头的词前。如:
In a university, a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing.
An hour ago,an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task. 2. 不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指,泛指某一人或某一物。如: The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.
3. 表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如:
When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. 4. 用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间;用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。如:
—Excuse me,is there a Mr. Tailor living in the neighborhood?There is a parcel for him. —Sorry,but there is no such person here.
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。如: She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one. 6. 表示单位时间内的频度,含有“每”的概念。如: The medicine is to be taken three times a day.
7. 具有动作意义的名词在与have,take,make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,前面要加不定冠词。如: take a look 看一看 have a try 试一试
You had better go to the factory and have a look. 8. 不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如: a waste of 浪费…… all of a sudden 突然地 as a rule 通常
9. 不定冠词的用法口诀
泛指单数和首提,某个/每个/又一个; 物质名词具体化,相同还是抽象词; 三餐四季有修饰,感叹句中有名单。 注释:
泛指的单数可数名词前和首次提到的单数可数名词前; 表示又一个,某一个(a second,a certain ...);
具体化的物质名词和抽象名词前(a success,a surprise ...); 有修饰词的三餐和四季前(a wonderful supper ...); 感叹句中有单数可数名词(What a lovely girl!...) 。
10. 有些单词以元音字母开头,但读音却以辅音开头,这些单词前要用不定冠词a;相反,有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如:a useful book,an hour,an honest child等。
例1 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
解析 a。考查冠词。model是可数名词,前面没有限定词,而此处泛指“一个”,故填a。 [定冠词的用法]
1. 用在名词前表示特指。如: —Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?
—Yes,as you know,the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere. 2. 用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。如: Do you know who invented the telephone?
3. 用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较,表示特指的时候)和最高级前。如: Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two? 4. 用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。如:
Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.
5. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用,表示一类人或事物。如: Many of the injured are still in danger.
6. 用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour,by the dozen等,但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight,by height等。如:
—It’s said John will be in a job paying over $ 60,000 a year. —Right,he will also get paid by the week.
7. 定冠词the用在表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示全家人或夫妻俩。如: The Whites settled down in Canada last year. 8. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。如:
the east 东部 play the piano 弹钢琴 9. 定冠词的用法口诀:
特指双知上文提,独一无二普遍专; 方位顺序最高级,赛项乐器影剧院; 姓氏复数一家人,形容词前可数单; 群岛河山江湖海,沙漠海峡和海湾。 阶级党派国全名,组织团体与机关。 连续应用比较级,朝代年代按天算。
例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) Around me in picture are the things which were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析 picture前加the或this。考查限定词的用法。单数可数名词前应该有限定词,根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。 [零冠词和冠词使用情况对比]
1.“by+表示交通工具的名词”结构中,名词前一般不加冠词;但是如果该名词前有定语,介词就不能用by,名词前也要用限定词。如: He went to Beijing by train. I came here on my old bike.
2. and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事物时,后面一个名词前不用任何冠词;但如果分别指不同的人或事物,则两个名词前要分别加冠词。如: The teacher and writer has come to the meeting. The teacher and the writer have come to the meeting.
3. 在表示季节、月份、日期、星期等的名词前通常不用任何冠词;但是如果该类名词前有修饰语时,要用不定冠词。如: Spring is the best season of the year. The spring of 2008 was a terrible spring.
4. school,hospital,church等词表示建筑物的用途时,常不用任何冠词;但是当这些词表示场所时要加冠词。如:
He is very ill and has to go to hospital. I am going to the hospital to visit a sick friend.
5. 在以festival组成的节日前通常用定冠词;但是如果是以day组成的节日,其前通常不加任何冠词。如:
Every person in China enjoys themselves in the Spring Festival. Christmas Day is approaching.
6. 语言类名词前通常不用任何冠词,但是如果该种语言与language连用时,则其前要用定冠词。如:
He speaks Chinese fluently.
=He speaks the Chinese language fluently.
7. 形容词的最高级表示与自身比较时,其前一般不用任何冠词;但如果是在三者或多者之间比较,则the不能省略。如:
He feels happiest when he’s working for others.
The best student in my class is the shortest boy with the shortest hair.
8. 表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时,其前一般不用任何冠词,但是如果这样的名词在句中作主语,则前面须加the。如: Mr. Smith is head of the company. The head of the company is Mr. Smith.
9. 抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词;但是如果表示具体的人或物,需要用不定冠词。如:
Failure is the mother of success. The sports meeting was a great success.
10. 物質名词表示一般概念时,其前不用任何冠词;但如果表示特指或该物质名词表示具体事物,则其前用冠词。如:
We don’t have much rain here, but last night we had a heavy rain.
例3 I am not fond of music very much, but I do like music they are dancing to. A. /;/ B. the;the C. the;/ D. /;the
解析 D。句意:我不太喜欢音乐,但是我的确很喜欢他们伴舞的音乐。第一空后的music表示泛指,是不可数名词,不需要加冠词。第二空后的music后面有定语从句they are dancing to修饰,特指他们伴舞的音乐,故用定冠词the修饰。
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